Section 1 Humanities: Ancient World

• Paleolithic


  -Relating to the earliest period of the Stone Age

  -2.5 million years ago
• Lascaux


  -A cave in southwestern France

  -Contains Paleolithic paintings.

  -Dates back to the Magdalina period.

  
• Altamira


  -A cave in Spain where first cave paintings were found.

  -Discovered in 1879

  
• Pressure Flaking


  -A technique of stone tool manufacture.

  -Shaping stone implement by pressing off flakes with a pointed stick or bone.

  
• Hunter-Gatherers


  People who hunt animals and gather wild plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts to survive.
• Neolithic Technology


  -Final stage of cultural evolution or technology among prehistorical humans.

  -Stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding

  -dependance on domestic. plants/animals

  -Settlement in permeant villages.

  -Appearance of pottery and Weaving.
• Knapping


  -To work a piece of stone by snapping, breaking, or applying pressure.

  -Used to make tools, weapons, and flat-faced stone for building walls.

  
• Chert


  A hard, compact, fine-grained sedimentary rock formed almost entirely of silica.
• Flint


  -A very hard gray stone that produces a spark.

  -Mostly made up of chert
• Pre-form


  -To form or shape beforehand.

  -End piece after knapping the stone.
• Sister Wendy


  British religious sister and art historian.
• Obsidian


  A usually black or banded, hard volcanic glass that displays shiny, curved surfaces when fractured and is formed by rapid cooling of lava without crystallization.
• Domestication


  the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food.
• Mesopotamia


  -"land between the rivers"

  -Ancient region of southwestern Asia, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

  -Site of Akkad, Sumer, Babylonia, and Assyria Cavillations.

  -Very fertile area

  
• Cuneiform writing


  -System of writing in the ancient Middle East.

  -One of the oldest forms of writing known.

  -Involved wedge-shaped symbols pressed onto clay with a reed.

  
• Code of Hammurabi

  -Babylonian Legal Text.

  -A written code of rules that guided the ancient society of Babylon; dates back to 1755-1750 B.C.

  
• Iraq, Uruk, Ur


  -Iraq: West Asian country in the region of the Middle East.

  -Uruk: Known today as Waka, is the type of site for the Uruk period.

  - Played a role in early urbanization.

  -Ur: Important city of ancient southern Mesopotamia (Sumer)
• Tigris River


  -A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent.

  -East side of Mesopotamia.

  
• Euphrates River


  -River that flows across a low, flat plain in Iraq and joins the Tigris River.

  -West side of Mesopotamia

  
• Epic of Gilgamesh


  -An epic poem from Mesopotamia.

  -Among the earliest known works of literary writing.

  -Gilgamesh is the king who tried to conquer death.
• Parthenon


  A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.
• Acropolis


  Greek for "high city". The chief temples of the city were located here.
• Athens democracy


  Athens was the birthplace of democracy, limited because only a minority could participate, direct because citizens voted on issues for themselves.
• post and lintel construction

  Wall construction utilizing a framework of 2 vertical posts and horizontal beams to carry floor and roof loads.
• Doric


  an order of ancient Greek architecture that features grooved columns with no grooved bases and an upper story with square sculpture called metopes, 24 lines, circular top holding the lintel

  
• Ionic


  Scroll like top, smoother.

  
• Corinthian


  This style of column has elongated capitals that are decorated with leaves. Based on the Acanthus plant that grows in the Mediterranean.

  
• Classical World

  Ancient Greece and Rome
• Roman concrete


  formed by combining pozzolana (a volcanic earth) with lime, broken stones, bricks, and tuff, was easily produced and had great durability.
• Pozzolana


  a type of volcanic ash used for mortar or for cement that sets under water.
• Dome


  An arrangement of several arches whose bases form a circle and whose tops meet in the center.

  
• Apse


  A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church.

  
• Pantheon


  A group of gods; a group of people so accomplished in a skill or field that they seem like gods

  
• Colosseum


  A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place

  
• Keystone


  a central stone at the summit of an arch, locking the whole together.

  
• Aqueduct

  A raised channel used to carry water from mountains into cities

  
• Baths of Caracalla


  Built by Emp. Caracalla to please his citizens (vicious ruler) large pools, spas, gym, gardens...basically ancient country clubs for citizens to relax in luxury

  
• Olympic Games


  in ancient Greece, an athletic competition held every four years in honor of Zeus
• Pax Romana


  A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.
• Roman Republic


  The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.