PARA LEC DOC IAN L1

• Parasites may produce disease by competing with the host for nutrients.
• Excessive proliferation of certain tissues due to invasion by some parasites can cause tissue damage in man.
• Deprivation of nutrients, fluids and metabolites can cause disease in the host.
• Symbiont: Any organism that spends a portion or all of its life cycle intimately associated with another organism of a different species.
• Symbiosis: The relationship between a symbiont and its host.
• Commensalism: An association in which the commensal takes the benefit without causing injury to the host.
• Mutualism: An association in which both partners are metabolically dependent upon each other and one cannot live without the help of the other.
• Parasitism: An association where one of the symbionts is harmed and the other lives at the expense of the other.
• Ectoparasite: A parasitic organism that lives on the outer surface of its host, such as a flea.
• Individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on diagnosis of infection and severity is known as SELECTIVE TREATMENT.
• Group level deworming is when the group to be treated, without prior diagnosis, may be defined by age, sex or other social characteristics.
• Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes that have a nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane and organelles, and some have locomotory apparatus.
• Arthropods are a type of helminthic parasite.
• Helminthic parasites include Roundworms (Nemahelminths) which are Nematodes, and Flatworms (Platyhelminths) which are divided into Flat and Segmented (Cestoda) and Flat and Unsegmented (Trematoda).
• Preventive chemotherapy is a regular, systematic, large scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to a selected population with the aim of reducing morbidity and transmission.
• Universal treatment is population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status or other social characteristics.
• Infective stage is the stage in the life cycle at which the parasite is able to initiate an infection to its host.
• Plasmodium falciparum can make the infected red cells display surface knobs.
• Superinfection or hyperinfection happen when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite.
• Parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction in which an egg can develop into an embryo without being fertilized by a sperm.
• Autoinfection occurs when an infected individual becomes his direct source of infection.
• Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma and Leishmania parasites multiply within the cytoplasm of macrophages thus they can evade phagocytosis.
• Deworming includes the use of antihelminthic drugs in an individual or a public health program.
• Cure rate refers to the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on clinical samples using standard procedure.
• Some parasites can change the antigenic compositions of their surfaces.
• Schistosoma will coat itself with the host antigen.
• Fibrosis of liver after deposition of the ova of Schistosoma is a mode of transmission.
• Female adult worms can be oviparous or larviparous.
• Diagnostic stage is the life cycle stage that exits the definitive host.
• Cuticle covering of worms can prevent phagocytosis and protect them from cytokines and complement proteins.
• Clinical parasitology includes peroral transmission, skin penetration, and vertical transmission/transplacental.
• Biological incubation period is the time between infection and acquisition of the parasite as demonstration of the infection.
• Schistosoma mansoni shed their teguments in abundance can neutralize antibody response at a distance away from the parasite.
• Clinical incubation period is the time between infection and evidence of symptoms.
• Entamoeba histolytica produces suppressor factor which inhibits movement of phagocytes.
• Egg reduction rate refers to the percentage fall in the egg counts on clinical samples after deworming.
• Adult Schistosoma cover themselves with host proteins to be considered as self and will not be attacked by immune factors.
• Hyperparasites parasitize other parasites.
• Paratenic hosts are hosts that serve as a temporary refuge and vehicle for reaching an obligatory host, usually the definitive host, i.e. it is not necessary for the completion of the parasites life cycle.
• Facultative parasites exhibit both parasitic and non-parasitic stages of living and hence do not absolutely depend on the parasitic way of life, but are capable of adapting to it if placed on a host, like Strongyloides stercoralis.