HSHG unit 1

• Human value development is the process of differentiating between needs and values.
• Kohlberg's model of value development consists of six stages: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
• Massey's model of value development identifies four cohorts: traditionalists, in-betweeners, challengers, and synthesizers.
• Evidence shows that clear, two-way conversation is a key element in the prevention of patient dissatisfaction and malpractice claims.
• When the relationship between care provider and patient is marked by mutual trust and open communication, a major step has been taken toward patient satisfaction.
• Better communication and caring can decrease litigation risks.
• Relativism is an inadequate base for ethical decision making.
• The nature of care and its ethical and legal implications are explained in the context of health care practice.
• Care and communication are a context for health care practice.
• Human care, professional care, and communication are defined.
• Health literacy is explained as it affects health care practice.
• Relativism, as defined by Massey, states that intentions matter.
• Piaget's heteronomous stage is characterized by all about the rules.
• Significant emotional events happen to the society as a whole, influencing the values of people within a historical time frame.
• The legal aspects of caring and communication are explained.
• Ethical Relativism states that moral is relative to the society in which you have been raised, meaning almost nothing is truly right or wrong without a consideration of the cultural or social context.
• Morris Massey supports Relativism.
• Morris Massey’s Value Cohorts suggest that people within a historical time frame are shaped by the same significant events.
• Jean Piaget’s Amoral stage is characterized by self-centeredness, focused on fun rather than rules.
• Human behavior is a choice we make, it is not random.
• We are attempting to achieve something beyond reflexes and instincts, we are attending to needs and values.
• Values are a hierarchy of needs according to Maslow.
• Kohlberg's model of morality development includes preconventional, conventional, and postconventional levels.
• Carol Gilligan challenges Kohlberg's theory, stating that the masculine voice is logical and individualistic, emphasizing protecting the rights of people and upholding justice.
• Gilligan proposes that the feminine voice places more emphasis on protecting interpersonal relationships and taking care of other people.
• Kohlberg's model of morality development also faces other criticisms, including the inclusion of care based morality and justice based morality, esteem, safety, love and needs, amoral, egocentric, heteronomous and moral relativism, pre-conventional morality, conventional morality and post-conventional morality.
• Morris Massey's model of value development studies North American culture and identifies four groups: traditionalists, in-betweeners, challengers, and synthesizers.