Lesson 2 CP

• Thales, Hippocrates and Aristotle speculated about human beings and the nature of thought, sensation, and pathology.
• These figures are cited as antecedents of every profession, movement or system of thoughts in Western society.
• Mid-1970s, people began talking about “cognitive behavior methods”; the cognitive-behavioral orientation to treatment is now among the most common.
• In the late 1960s, the road to changing undesirable behavior began swerving sharply from psychotherapy to conditioning and altered reinforcement contingencies.
• Prior to 1890, there is really very little in the history of clinical psychology to separate it from the history of abnormal psychology.
• The roots of modern clinical psychology can be found in the reform movements of the 19th century, which ultimately resulted in the improved care for the mentally ill.
• Philippe Pinel, a French physician, was appointed as the head of asylum at Bicetre and later Salpetriere, and his work became the milestone in the development of psychiatry, the mental health approach and clinical psychology.
• William Tuke, an Englishman, devoted himself to the establishment of what might be called a model hospital for the humane treatment of the sick and troubled.
• Eli Todd, an American, labored and successfully developed a retreat in Hartford for the mentally ill, emphasizing the role of civilized care, respect and morality.
• Dorothea Dix, another American, had a profound effect on the mental health movement, campaigning for the better facilities for the mentally ill, therefore the development of more than 30 hospitals for the “insane”.
• Francis Galton, an Englishman, devoted great effort to the application of quantitative methods to understanding differences among people, with interests on sensory acuity, motor skills, reaction time, and established an anthropometric laboratory in 1882.
• James McKeen Cattell and Lightner Witmer furthered the work of Galton, with Cattell turning his attention to reaction time differences among people and coining the term mental test, and Witmer was interested in the variation in psychological skills among children, opening the first psychological clinic in 1896 and starting the first psychological journal called The Psychological Clinic.
• Emil Kraepelin divided mental illness into 2 types: those determined by exogenous factors (curable) and those caused by endogenous factors (incurable).
• One of the major developments was the rise of mental measurement or diagnostic psychological testing, with Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developing the Binet-Simon scale in 1908.
• Carl Jung began using the word association methods in 1905.
• Kent-Rosanoff Free Association was published in 1910.
• Clinician sought a more “preventive” approach, which gave rise to community psychology in the 1960s and health psychology in the 1980s.
• William James, who established a laboratory and published his classic text Principles of Psychology, is also a significant figure in the scientist-practitioner model that has served the field of clinical psychology for many years.
• The founding of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1892, with G. Stanley Hall as its first president, is a significant event in the development of clinical psychology as a profession.
• The development of the Army Alpha and Beta tests was a significant event in the area of intelligence testing during this era.
• Gestalt psychology emphasized the importance of understanding that patients’ unique perceptions contribute to their problems.
• Wilhelm Wundt, credited with establishing the first formal psychological laboratory, in Leipzig in 1879, is an important figure in the academic research tradition in psychology.
• Much of the noteworthy work in the area of test development during the 1930s was in the area of personality testing.
• The notion of classical conditioning has become a central part of theory and research while also playing a significant role in a variety of therapeutic methods.
• Behaviorism taught clinicians the power of conditioning in the development and treatment of behavior disorders.
• In 2002, New Mexico became the first state to enact a law authorizing properly trained psychologists to prescribe psychotropic medications to patients or clients.
• Binet and Simon offered evidence for the validity of their new test in 1905, and Terman’s research on the Binet-Simon test appeared in 1916.
• Ivan Pavlov’s work on conditioning left an important legacy for clinical psychology.
• The publication of DSM-III spurred an explosion of research aimed at evaluating the reliability, validity, and utility of specific criteria listed for the mental disorders.
• In 1995, the American Psychological Association officially endorsed the pursuit of prescription privileges for psychologists.
• Charles Spearman, in 1904, offered the concept of a general intelligence that he termed “g”.
• In the aftermath of World War II, the importance of intelligence testing continued, with David Wechsler publishing the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children in 1949 and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in 1955.
• David Wechsler published the Wechsler - Bellevue test in 1939.
• A rift was growing within the profession as to whether objective or projective assessment measures were better suited to accurately describe personality and psychopathology.
• Clinical psychologists who are providers for various managed health care plans have become increasingly interested in using reliable and valid psychological measures or tests that aid in treatment planning by identifying and accurately assessing problematic symptoms, are sensitive to any changes or improvements in client functioning as a result of treatment, and are relatively brief.
• Hermann Rorschach, a Swiss psychiatrist, published Psychodiagnostik in 1921, where he described his use of inkblots to diagnose psychiatric patients.
• The first edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM - I) appeared in 1952.
• Interest in neuropsychological assessment has grown tremendously as well, with Halstead introducing an entire test battery to aid in the diagnosis of neuropsychological problems in 1947.
• Jean Charcot gained a widespread reputation for his investigations of patients with hysteria, patients with “physical symptoms” that did not seem to have an identifiable physical cause.
• The 1940s and 1950s witnessed a growing sophistication in testing technology, triggered by the development of the MMPI, and debates over the relative effectiveness of clinical and statistical prediction arose.