Reviewer

• A loop is a construct that controls the repeated execution of a block statements.
• While Loop - A while loop executes statements repeatedly as long as a condition remains true.
• The while loop is a condition-controlled loop; it is controlled by a true/false condition.
• The for loop is a count-controlled loop that repeats a specified number of times.
• For Loop - A python for loop iterates through each value in a sequence.
• • Nested Loops A loop can be nested inside another loop.
• Nested loops consist of an outer loop and one or more inner loops.
• Each time the outer loop is repeated, the inner loops are started a new.
• A FUNCTION is a block of code which only runs when it is called.
• A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called.
• Functions can be used to define reusable code and organize and simplify code.
• You can pass data, known as parameters, into a function.
• Defining a Function - A function definition consists of the function’s name, parameters, and body.
• The variables in the function header are known as formal parameters or simply parameters. A parameter is like a placeholder.
• If a function returns a value, it is called a value-returning function.
• • Calling a Function Calling a function executes the code in the function.
• • Functions with/without Return values.A function does not have to return a value.
• The program defines a function named printGrade and invokes it to print the grade for a given score.
• The printGrade function does not return any value, and it must be invoked as a statement.
• We call the new function that returns the grade, getGrade.
• The getGrade function returns a character, and it can be invoked and used just like a character.
• Defining Classes for Objects A class defines the properties and behaviors for objects.
• Object-oriented programming (OOP) involves the use of objects to create programs.
• When working with objects, variables are called attributes and functions are called methods.
• Python uses methods to define an object’s behavior (also known as its actions.)
• Python ClassesA class is considered a blueprint of objects.
• • Python ObjectsAn object is called an instance of a class. The syntax to create an object.
• Access Class Attributes Using Objects- We use the . notation to access the attributes of a class.
• • You can access the object’s data fields and invoke its methods by using the dot operator (.), also known as the object member access operator.
• Python Methods - we can also define a function inside a Python class.
• An initializer can perform any action, but initializers are designed to perform initializing actions, such as creating an object’s data fields with initial values.
• • Constructing Objects all methods, including the initializer, have the first parameter self.
• Python Constructors - __init__() is the constructor function that is called whenever a new object of that class is instantiated.
• __init__()  This method, is known as an initializer.
• The self-parameter in the __init__ method is automatically set to reference the object that was just created.
• The first parameter for each method defined is self.       
• The self-Parameter - self is a parameter that references the object itself.
• Using self, you can access object’s members in a class definition.
• A Python function defined inside a class is called a method.