AO3

• What may Johnson and Scott have been testing in their study?

  Surprise rather than anxiety
• What items did Pickel (1998) use in his experiment?

  Scissors, handgun, wallet, raw chicken
• What was the result of Pickel's experiment regarding eyewitness accuracy?

  Accuracy was poorer in high unusualness conditions
• Why is the limitation of Pickel's findings significant?

  It acts as counter evidence to the theory
• What does the limitation of the theory imply about its credibility?

  The theory is inaccurate and not credible
• What are the ethical issues related to creating anxiety in participants?

  • Risk of psychological harm
  • Unethical for research purposes
  • Real-life studies avoid this issue
• How do ethical issues affect the findings of Johnson and Scott's study?

  They question the need for such research
• What is a limitation of interviewing real-life eyewitnesses after an event?

  Lack of control over extraneous variables
• What does the lack of control in field studies imply about the theory?

  The theory is unreliable
• What could police officers do to reduce the impact of confounding variables?

  Provide immediate interviews after events
• What is a limitation of laboratory studies regarding ecological validity?

  They lack ecological validity
• Why do participants in lab studies often realize they are being tested?

  They know they will be questioned about the crime
• What does the lack of ecological validity imply about the theory?

  The theory is unrealistic and does not generalize
• What alternative model did Fazey and Hardy (1998) propose?

  A model explaining anxiety and performance relationship
• What does the inverted-U hypothesis predict about performance?

  Performance decreases beyond the optimum arousal level
• What did Fazey and Hardy observe about performance under high arousal?

  Sometimes a catastrophic decline occurs
• What limitation does the inverted-U hypothesis have according to Fazey and Hardy?

  It neglects cognitive, emotional, and behavioral impacts
• What does the reductionist nature of the theory imply?

  It oversimplifies the complexity of anxiety