Molecular Genetics

• Antiparallel is the strands that run opposite in directions, in order to allow correct acids to bond
• Biotechnology is the colony that works to engineer genetic info
• Camp/Cap protein: protein that binds to CRP in the order to control transcription
• chromosomal mutation: involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes (deletion, duplication, inversion, and translation)
• Codon: DNA or RNA sequence that signals start/stop and specific amino acids for the amino acid chain
• complementary base pairing: bonds within DNA that are bonded together by hydrogen bonds, the ability of the bases to consistently pair up with each other (A-T, G-C).
• deoxyribouse: consists of deoxyribose sugar (5-carbon sugar), nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
• DNA Helicase: enyzme that unwinds DNA
• DNA ligase: like “glue”, joins DNA strands together
• DNA polymerase I: removes RNA primers and fill gaps in Okazaki fragments with DNA
• DNA Polymerase III: adds DNA nucleotides to lagging strands
• Exon: coding region of DNA, useful
• Frameshift mutation: mutation that results in the shifting of all further codons (insertion or deletion)
• Gel electrophoresis: used to separate components of DNA or RNA molecules are pushed and separated by an electronic field through a gel with small pores (holes)
• Intron: non-coding region of gene, gets removed
• Messenger RNA: mRNA, allows genetic info encoded by DNA to be read and translated, can travel through cytoplasm
• Missesne mutation: different amino acids being coded at the wrong time (early start or stop codon)
• Nucleotide: organic molecule composed of one nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
• okazaki fragments: pieces of DNA that aren’t connected as a result of RNA primers or nucleotides
• Operon: cluster of genes that are transcribed together to give a single mRNA
• Plasmid: small extra chromosomal molecule/organelle that can replicate independently
• Point Mutation: when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed
• Polymerase chain reaction or (PCR): amplifies millions of DNA of copies of a specfic site, producing a known sequence at the end (genetic engineering)
• RNA polymerase: synthesizes RNA following DNA
• Semi-conservative replication: 2 strands of DNA un wind from each other and each act as a template strand fro sythesis of 2 new complementary strands
• TAQ polymerase: automates the step of amplifying specific DNA sequence
• Transcription: copying DNA into RNA
• Transcription factor: proteins that help turn specific genes on or of by binding to nearby DNA
• Translation: processing of mRNA script into a protein
• tRNA: transfer RNA, basically codes
• vector: DNA molecule used as a vehide in genetic engineering
• Pyrimdines: single ring structures (C-T)
• Purine: double ring structures (A-G)
• Restriction enzyme: isolated protein from bacteria, produces DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end
• Gene expression: information encoded in a gene, turned into a function