Exam 1

• What is the Golgi stain?

  A silver stain that labels the entire cell body
• Astrocytes maintain the microenvironment of the brain by regulating the blood brain barrier
• Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells in the CNS
• Schwann cells are the myelinating cells in the PNS
• Microglial cells are the innate immune cells of the CNS
• Glial stem cells are a subset of astrocytes found in the subventricular zone near blood vessels and ventricles
• Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the CNS and create CSF
• The CSF provides a protective cushion and transports dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes, etc.
• Specialized ependymal cells int he choroid plexus make majority of the CSF
• Satellite cells support cells in the PNS
• Satellite cells are found in the dorsal root ganglia that house somatic sensory neurons
• Afferent (sensory) neurons carry information from the body to the CNS
• Efferent (motor) neurons carry impulses away from the CNS to effectors
• What are the two types of motor neurons in the PNS?

  Somatic and visceral
• What does the visceral motor system control?

  Controls involuntary motor functions
• What does the somatic division control?

  Senses, skin, muscles, joints, and the doral root ganglion
• What does the autonomic nervous system control?

  Motor control of viscera, smooth muscles, and endocrine glands
• What two antognistic divisions does the autonomic nervous system have?

  Sympathetic and parasympathetic
• Where is the dorsal root ganglion found?

  Spinal cord
• What is the receptive field of a neuron?

  Areas of the neuron that respond (surround and center)
• Projection neurons convey information to other areas and is excitatory
• Interneurons contact local cells only and are inhibitory
• A topographic map is a point to point neural representation of an area of the body
• What part of the brain is also known as the "miniature man"?

  Homunculus
• What is the homunculus?

  A topographical map of the body-somatic senses
• Sensory and motor activities on one side of the body ar remediated by the cerebral hemisphere on the opposite side
• The three general structures found in most neurons are the soma, dendrites, and axon
• Neurons and glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia) are found in the CNS
• Schwann cells and satellite cells are found in the PNS
• The three most common neuron morphologies are unipolar, bipolar, and pseudo-unipolar
• Dendrites receive signals from other neurons
• Axons conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body (conductive)
• The axon terminal is the end of the axon that receives signals from the axon (output)
• The soma is the cell body and contains the nucleus of the neuron
• White matter is the myelinated axons of the brain and the spinal cord
• Gray matter is the unmyelinated axons of the brain and the spinal cord
• Decassation is the when the fibers cross from one side of a structure to the other
• Afferent means that the nerve carries information away from the body
• Efferent means that the neuron is sending a signal to another neuron or to an effector
• Center-surround are receptive fields of higher-order neurons that have areas of excitation and inhibition