EXP. 6 and 7

• H2O2 – poor antiseptic but good disinfectant
• Peracetic acid – food processing & medical equipment
• MOA: Boiling Autoclave kills vegetative bacterial and fungal pathogens and almost all viruses within 10 minutes, but is less effective on endospores.
• Applications of Boiling Autoclave include dishes, basins, various equipment, and it is a very effective method of sterilization with a temperature of 121ºC at 15psi, killing all vegetative cells and their endospores in about 15 minutes.
• Physical methods of microbial control also include Filtration, which removes microbes by passage of a liquid or gas through a screen-like material.
• Heat, also known as Dry Heat, is a very effective method of sterilization but requires a temperature of 170º C for 2 hours, and its uses include empty glassware, instruments, needles and glass syringes.
• Hot-Air Sterilization, also known as Incineration, is a method of sterilization that uses heat generated by burning, and its uses include paper cups, contaminated dressings, animal carcasses and wipes.
• Pasteurization uses a temperature of 72ºC for about 15 seconds, and its uses include milk, cream, beer, wine.
• Physical methods of microbial control include Heat, Dry Heat, and Pastureization.
• Pasteurization is a method that uses heat to kill pathogens and most non-pathogens, with three methods.
• Aldehydes are used in microbiological control methods, with a mechanism of action that includes protein denaturation.
• Silver nitrate is sometimes used to treat oral ulcers and was once required by law to be administered to the eyes of newborns to prevent ophthalmic gonorrhea.
• Heavy metals are used in microbiological control methods, with a mechanism of action that includes denaturation of enzymes and other essential proteins.
• Surface-active agents, including soaps and soaps, are used in microbiological control methods, with a mechanism of action that includes mechanical removal of microbes through rubbing.
• Chemical methods are used for swabbing the skin with alcohol before injection and thermometer and other instruments.
• Organic acids are used in microbiological control methods, with a mechanism of action that includes metabolic inhibition, mostly affecting molds.
• Gaseous sterilants are used in microbiological control methods, with a mechanism of action that includes protein denaturation.
• Merbromine is used to control fungal growth in paint and is an algicide used to control algae growth in water.
• Ctericidal, Fungicidal, Not effective against endospores or non-developed viruses
• Silver ions can be incorporated into plastic, steel, and other materials to control microbial growth.
• Peroxyns are used in microbiological control methods, with a mechanism of action that includes oxidation and protein denaturation.
• Examples of chemical methods include ethanol and isopropanol.
• The method of microbial control known as physical methods includes high pressure, dessiccation, osmotic pressure, and radiation.
• Biguanides in the method of microbial control, such as Chlorhexidine, disrupt the plasma membrane and are bactericidal to gram-positive and gram-negative.
• Phenols and phenolics in the method of microbial control disrupt the plasma membrane and denature enzymes, but are seldom used as disinfectants or antiseptics due to their irritating qualities and disagreeable odor.
• Sterilizing liquids such as enzymes and vaccines are destroyed by heat.
• Osmotic pressure in the method of microbial control results in loss of water from microbial cells.
• Radiation in the method of microbial control destroys DNA, but is not widespread in routine sterilization.
• Chemical methods of control of microbial growth include phenols and phenolics, biguanides, halogens, and alcohols.
• Alcohols in the method of microbial control denature proteins and dissolve lipids, but are not commonly used due to their toxicity.
• Dessication in the method of microbial control involves removing water from microbes, making it bacteriostatic.
• Halogen compounds in the method of microbial control may act alone or as components of inorganic and organic compounds, with iodine acting as an inhibitor of protein function and oxidizing agent, and chlorine forming a strong oxidizing agent hypochlorous acid that alters cellular components.
• High pressure in the method of microbial control alters the molecular structure of proteins and carbohydrates.
• Disinfection is the destruction of vegetative pathogens on inert substance or surface.
• Physical methods of microbial control include heat, moist heat, dry heat, sterilization, pasteurization, and moist heat sterilization.
• Heat is the most practical, efficient and inexpensive method of controlling microbial growth.
• Sanitation is a treatment intended to lower microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public health levels.
• Microbicidal agents are used to kill microorganisms, “-cide”.
• Decimal Reduction Time (DRT) is the time, in minutes, in which 90% of a population of bacteria at a given temperature will be killed.
• Sterilization is the removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life including endospores.