Atomic structure and Periodic Table

• What’s an atom?

  The smallest part of an element that can exist
• What do atoms consist of?

  Protons, Electrons, Neutrons
• What’s the relative mass and charge of a proton ?

  Mass - 1

  Charge - +1
• What’s the relative mass and charge of a neutron ?

  Mass - 1

  Charge - 0
• What’s the relative mass and charge of an electron ?

  Mass - very small

  Charge - -1
• What’s the mass number?

  The total number of protons and neutrons
• What’s the atomic number ?

  The proton number
• What’s an element?

  A substance made up of only one type of atom
• What’s an isotope?

  An atom with the same proton number but different mass numbers
• What’s a compound ?

  A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together - can only be separated into elements by chemical reactions
• Do symbol equations need to be balanced?

  YES
• What’s a mixture?

  Consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together
• How can mixtures be separated?

  Filtration, distillation, chromatography, crystallisation
• What’s filtration?

  Separating insoluble solids from liquids using a funnel and filter paper
• What’s evaporation?

  Heating a solution using a Bunsen burner until the solution evaporates(only dry crystals left behind)
• What’s crystallisation?

  Gently heating a solution until crystals start to form - filter the crystals out of the solution and leave them to dry in a cool place
• What’s chromatography?

  Separating mixtures using a spot of ink, a solvent and placed in water - until the solvent has reached the top of the page and dry to see the different mixtures
• What’s distillation?

  Separating a liquid in a solution, heating the liquid then it condenses until the rest of the solution is leftover
• What’s fractional distillation?

  Splitting up different mixtures with different boiling points until they condense and are collected
• How is the periodic table arranged?

  in order of atomic number, elements in similar properties are in the same groups. elements in the same group have the same number of electrons on their outer shell and similar properties
• What was John daltons model of the atom?

  Atoms are solid spheres and the different spheres are made up of different elements
• What was the plum pudding model?

  The plum pudding model was a model of the atom proposed by J.J. Thomson, which suggested that atoms were made up of a positively charged "pudding" with negatively charged electrons embedded in it
• What was the alpha scattering experiment ?

  Rutherford fired positively charged alpha particles at a sheet of gold.

  It was expected the particles would pass straight through or be slightly deflected. most were expected to pass through because the positive charge was said to be spread out in the “pudding”

  this was incorrect more particles were deflected back than expected so the plum pudding model couldn’t be right
• What did rutherford create as result of the alpha scattering experiment?

  Nuclear model - a tiny positively charged nucleus (mass concentrated in the centre) a cloud of negative electrons surrounding the nucleus - most of the atom is empty space.
• What was bohrs nuclear model?

  Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed shells , each shell is a fixed distance from the nucleus
• What did james Chadwick discover ?

  Neutrons within the nucleus
• What’s the normal electron configuration?

  2,8,8
• How was the periodic table originally arranged?

  In order of atomic weight
• What was Mendeleevs periodic table?

  Put elements in order of their atomic weight (changed some) and left gaps for undiscovered elements , he made sure elements with similar properties stayed in the same group
• What are elements that react to form positive ions?

  Metals
• where are metals found on the periodic table ?

  Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table.
• What are the properties of metals?

  Strong, malleable, can conduct heat and electricity, high boiling points and melting points
• What are elements that do not react to form positive ions?

  Non metals
• Where are non metals found on the periodic table?

  Right side
• What are the properties of non metals?

  Dull looking, brittle, aren’t always solids at room temperature, don’t conduct electricity, lower density
• What are group 1 metals called?

  Alkali metals
• What are trends in group 1?

  As you go down the table;

  The reactivity increases,

  Lower melting and boiling points,

  High relative atomic mass
• How does group 1 metals react with water?

  Produces hydrogen gas, React vigorously , fizz more violent going down the table , potassium catches on fire
• How does group 1 metals react with chlorine?

  Produces a salt , reacts vigorously to form metal chlorides
• how does group 1 metals react with oxygen?

  Produces a metal oxide