Unit 3 AOS 1

• fine motor skills are using small muscle groups to perform an activity. eg darts.

  this falls under movement precision
• gross motor skills are using larger muscle groups to perform an activity

  this falls under movement precision
• discrete movements are distinct, beginning and end movements generally 1 skill. eg catching
• serial movements are a series of discrete skills. eg shooting a basketball.

  discrete, serial and continuous falls under types of movements
• continuous movements are non stop repeating the same skill. eg running
• open environments are constantly changing and externally paced environment. eg MMA

  open and closed environments fall under predictability of the environment
• closed environments are predictable and self paced environment with no interruptions or changes in the environment. eg pool
• Sport specific skills are skills you need to have to play a sport. eg putting in golf
• fundamental motor skills are basic skills which form the foundation for sport specific skills like running
• massed practice is a type of practice which has longer but less frequent training sessions

  massed and distributed practice falls under practice distrubution
• distributed practice is a type of practice that has shorter duration but is more frequently trained
• practice variability can be blocked which is spending significant periods of time on the development of a specific skill

  or it can be random which is working on a specific sill for a short period of time then moving onto developing the next skill
• intrinsic feedback is internal feedback from what you hear, see or feel through muscles and skin. eg knowing a shot in basketball is in
• Augmented feedback includes knowledge of results (success or failures) and knowledge of performance (reasons for success or failure like wrong form)
• constraints based approach is using boundaries or placing restrictions on the learner. this helps shape an athlete self-organising movements and decision making
• cognitive learning stage is the beginner stage where you mentally try to comprehend how to perform the skill, requiring short, step by step advice. 9/10 mistakes
• associative learning stage is the practice stage where the performer begins to refine techniques and movement pattern but still might make an (ASS) out of themselves. 5/10 mistakes
• autonomous learning stage is when skills become largely automatic and performer won’t have to think about it. 1/10 mistakes
• cultural factors that might impact learning include: education, geographic location and values
• social factors that might impact learning include: family and peers, time, roll in society and access to resources
• principles of qualitative movement analysis includes 4 major steps which are preparation, observation, evaluation and error correction
• preparation is determining what the purpose of the analysis is
• observation is looking at the performance of subjects, which can be watched live from coaches or reviewed
• direct based approaches are direct coaching which is rigid, providing feedback on every attempt
• evaluation involves identifying what the problem is, what’s causing it and how to address it
• error correction is identifying weaknesses and strategies to address them which are generally direct or constrains based approaches
• there are 3 types of constraint based approaches: individual, environment (physical and sociocultural) and task
• individual constraints include body size, fitness level and mental skills (confidence, focus etc.)
• environmental constraints include gravity, weather, noise levels and facilities. (some you can change, some you can’t)
• task constraints are closely related to performance, including rules of sport, field or court dimensions and equipment/ resources available
• advantages of direct based approach is that the instructor can keep the learner on task and its good for the development of cognitive learners as they aren’t sure what they are doing
• disadvantages of direct based approach is that it’s boring repetitive drills and doesn’t develop decision making
• advantages of constraints based approach is that practice closely replicates a game environment and is good for individual autonomous stage
• disadvantages of constraints based approach is that coaches are often less familiar with game sense approach and technical skills won’t be mastered all the time eg kicking with pressure
• equilibrium - an object is said to be in an equilibrium when there are no unbalanced forces or torques acting upon it
• stability - the resistance to the disruption of equilibrium. factors affecting stability includes base of support, centre of gravity, body mass, friction between body and surface and line of gravity
• levers - a lever is a rigid bar that can be made to rotate about an axis in order to exert a force on another object
• ARF - A means axis is in middle, R means resistance is in middle, F means force is in middle
• mechanical advantage - force arm - due to increase in force arm, mechanical advantage is more than 1 meaning less effort is required to hit object, allowing more accuracy but less distance. eg holding golf club lower on grip
• mechanical advantage- resistance arm - means we have a mechanical disadvantage meaning less than 1, therefore allows for greater range of motion, and increase in speed, which allows an object hit to travel further in distance. eg holding golf club higher on grip