AQA Eng Lang

• Neologism: A new word coined as a result of a new development such as technological advancements.
• Compound Words: A word made up of parts of 2 or more other words.
• Informal lexis: A generic term for words used in a relaxed environment.
• Colloquial lexis: Type of language used in ordinary or normal conversation.
• Dialect Words: Words that are determined largely by where a person comes from.
• Slang: Type of words regarded as being very informal and might be specific to a group.
• Taboo: A word that is said to be forbidden or prohibited to say for any number of reasons.
• Abbreviations/contractions: Words that are clipped, often with an apostrophe so they are shorter.
• Formal Lexis: Words that would be found in official documents or used in a planned, serious discussion.
• Vulgarism: A word or expression that is considered inelegant, especially one that makes explicit and offensive reference to sex or bodily functions.
• The 7 Word Classes: The noun, the verb, the adverb, the preposition, the adjective, the pronoun, the conjunction.
• Noun Type: Proper Noun, Concrete Noun, Abstract Noun, Collective Noun, Subject, Object, Possessive Case.
• Nouns: Proper Noun, Concrete Noun, Abstract Noun, Collective Noun, Subject, Object, Possessive Case.
• Adjectives: Pre-modifying adjectives (attributive), Post-modifying adjectives (predicative).
• A compound sentence contains at least 2 independent clauses joined by a co-ordinating conjunction or semi-colon.
• In English, the subject normally comes before the verb.
• Grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the English language, including the structure of words, phrases, clauses and sentences.
• An adverbial phrase is a group of words which function like an adverb, telling you HOW, WHEN, WHY, WHERE or HOW MUCH an action has occurred.
• Prepositional phrases are groups of words that include a preposition and a noun, functioning as either an adjective or an adverb.
• A direct object is the person, place or thing which receives the action of a verb, normally following the verb.
• Conjunctions can be coordinating or subordinating, creating a subordinate clause.
• Noun phrases consist of a noun and its modifiers.
• A subject of a sentence may be a noun, pronoun or a noun phrase.
• A subject is the person, place or thing governing or carrying out the action of the verb in a sentence.
• Sentence types include Declarative, Imperative, Interrogative, and Exclamative.
• A simple sentence contains 1 independent/main clause that makes sense on its own.
• A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least 1 dependent/subordinate clause, which doesn’t make sense on its own.
• Pronouns: Singular (I) and Plural (we), Interrogative Pronouns – (which, what, whose, who), Possessive Pronouns – (my/mine, your(s), his, her), Reflexive Pronouns – (myself, yourself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves), Reciprocal – each other, one another, Relative – that, which, who, whom, whose, whom.
• Disjuncts are adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards the material that follows, for example, 'sadly, not one of them survived'.
• Cataphoric reference is making reference forwards to something as yet unidentified, for example, 'It was warm, it was soft, it was a cake'.
• Discourse: how a text is structured overall, examples include question and answer format, problem-solution structure, narrative structure, and adjacency pairs.
• If the subject is being acted upon, the sentence is said to be in the passive voice.
• Discourse markers are words, phrases or clauses that help organise what we say or write.
• Pragmatics is about implied meaning and language in context, exploring the implied meanings of English and how language use creates meanings in interactional contexts.
• Anaphoric reference is making reference to something previously identified in a text, often using pronouns.
• Adjuncts are non-essential elements of clauses that can be omitted, for example, 'I'll see you in the morning'.
• Auxiliary Verb goes before the main verb in a sentence.
• If the subject of the sentence performs the action, the sentence is in the active voice.
• Semantic fields, also known as lexical fields, are groups of words connected in meaning.
• History remembers the kings and warriors for destroying, while art remembers the people for creating.