chapter 1 bacte

• Microbiology is defined as the study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
• Francesco Stelluti (1577-1652) made the earliest observations on bees and weevils using a microscope supposedly supplied by Galileo.
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was considered as the "first true microbiologist" and was the first person to observe and accurately describe living microorganisms, such as bacteria and protozoa, thus, he was regarded as the "Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology."
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek used the term "animalcules," or the tiny living and moving cells seen under the microscope, to describe microorganisms.
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek used his self-made single lens microscope with 50x to 300* magnification to study bacteria and protozoa.
• Spontaneous Generation states that life arises from non-living matter, as per Aristotle (384-322 B.C.).
• Francesco Redi (1626-1697) demonstrated in 1668 that maggots could not arise spontaneously from decaying meat, invalidating the long-held belief that life forms could arise from non-living things.
• John Needham (1731-1781) observed that the sealed flask with boiled mutton broth became cloudy after standing and asserted that organic matter possessed a "vital force" that could give rise to life.
• Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) improved the previous experiments of Needham by heating the broth that was transferred into a sealed jar and observed that no growth took place as long as the flasks remained sealed.
• Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic known as Penicillin.
• Joseph Lister was the first to use the term "prokaryotes and eukaryotes" when describing microorganisms.
• Taxonomy is an area of biological science that comprises three distinct concentrations, namely classification, nomenclature, and identification.
• The classification system is hierarchic and consists of the following taxa designations: Domain - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya; Kingdom - composed of similar phyla; similarities of DNA and RNA; Division - composed of similar classes; class - composed of similar orders; order -composed of similar families; family - composed of similar genera; Genus - composed of various species with common characteristics; and Species - is the basic group or the collection of bacterial strains with common physiology and genetic features.
• Classification is the organization of microorganisms that have similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into specific groups or taxa.
• Edward Jenner introduced the concept of aseptic technique.
• Cohn's experiment demonstrated that certain cellular structures are heat-resistant, including Endospores, Yeast, Maggots, and Animalcules.
• Tribe is included in the hierarchy of taxonomy and is located between family and genus but is not commonly utilized in bacterial taxonomy.
• Carl von Linne, a Swedish botanist, laid down the basic rules for taxonomic categories (binomial system).
• Robert Koch's postulates state that the microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and the healthy host, the suspected microorganism must be isolated from a diseased host and grown in a pure culture, the same disease must be absent when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host, and the same organism must be isolated again from the diseased host.
• Lazzaro Spallanzani concluded that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham's concoction after they were boiled.
• Biogenesis states that living cells could only arise from pre-existing living cells.
• Epithet is the proper word for the name of the species.
• Phenotypic Characteristics are based on the features beyond the genetic level and include readily observable characteristics, such as the morphological features, as well as those traits that may require extensive analytical procedures.
• Classical Characteristics are useful in routine phylogenetic studies of microorganisms such as the understanding of morphology, physiology and metabolism, ecology, and genetic analysis.
• Both the genus and species should be italized in print but underlined when written in script (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus aureus).
• Biogroup is a population of species that share the same biochemical properties.
• Genotype is the collection of genes that describes the characteristics of an organism.
• Identification is the process by which the microorganisms' key features are described and is the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be placed in an overall taxonomic scheme.
• Serotype is based on serological (surface antigens) differences within the same species.
• In writing the genus name, the first letter should be capitalized and followed by the species epithet (specific name), which begins with a lower-case letter.
• Genotypic Characteristics refer to the organism's genetic make-up and involve the detection of a gene or a part thereof, or an RNA product of a specific organism.
• Subspecies are species which are subdivided based on the following differences: a Biotype is having similar genetic traits but different biochemical and physiological characteristics within the same species.
• When bacteria are referred to as a group, their names are neither capitalized nor underlined (e.g., staphylococci, streptococci, etc).
• Nomenclature is the naming of microorganisms according to established guidelines provided by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria or the Bacteriological Code.
• Fanny Hesse suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media.
• The Germ Theory of Disease is based on the concept that microorganisms can cause diseases.
• Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media.
• Joseph Lister introduced the system of antiseptic surgery and promoted among surgeons the handwashing before and after an operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilizing of surgical instruments, and the use of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressing.
• Koch's Postulates state that the microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from a healthy host, the suspected microorganism must be isolated from a diseased host and grown in a pure culture, the same disease must be present when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host, and the same organism must be isolated again from the diseased host.
• Robert Koch developed a culture medium for observing bacterial growth isolated from the human body.