Quiz 1

• Disaster Nursing is an any catasthropic which the normal patterns of life (or ecosystems) have been disrupted and extraordinary, emergency interventions are required to save and preserve human lives and/or the environment.”
• Important Features of a Disaster: Unpredictability, Unfamiliarity, Speed, Urgency, Uncertainty, Threat
• Medical Disaster is a catastrophic event that results in casualties that overwhelm the health care resources in that community (Al-Madhari & Zeller, 1997)
• Hazards is a phenomena that pose a threat to people, structures, or economic assets and which may cause a disaster. Theycould be either manmade or naturally occurring in our environment.”
• Vulnerability is the condition determined by physical, social, economic  and  environmental  factors  or  processes,  which  increase the  susceptibility  of a community to the impact of hazards
• Capacity is the combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster.
• Risk is the probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural orhuman-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.
• Natural Disasters are serious disruptions triggered by a natural hazard.
• Hydro-meteorological disaster is a natural process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological, or oceanographic nature.
• Geographical disaster is a natural earth process or phenomenon that includes processes of endogenous origin or tectonic or exogenous.
• Biological Disaster is a process of organic organs or those conveyed by biological vectors, including exposure to pathogenic, microorganisms, toxins, and bioactive substances.
• Human-Induced Disasters are triggered by a human-induced hazard causing human, material, economic or environmental losses.
• Technological disaster or anthropological hazards is associated with technological or industrial accidents, infrastructure failures, or certain human activities.
• Environmental Degradation is a process induced by human behaviors and activities that damage the natural resources base or adversely alter nature processes or ecosystems.
• Levels of Disaster

  Level I if the organisation,agency, or community isable to contain the event and respond effectively utilizing its own resources.
• Levels of Disaster

  Level II if the disaster requires assistance from external sources, these can be obtained from nearby agencies.
• Levels of Disaster

  Level III if the disaster is of a magnitude that exceeds the capacity of the local community or region and requires assistance from state-level or even federal assets.
• Pre-Impact Phase is the initial phase of disaster, prior to the actual occurrence.
• A warning is given at the sign of the first possible danger to a community with the aid of weather networks and satellites.
• Many meteorological disasters can be predicted.
• The earliest possible warning is crucial in preventing loss of life and minimizing damage.
• During the Pre-Impact Phase, the emergency preparedness plan is put into effect and emergency centers are opened by the local civil detention authority.
• Communication is a very important factor during this phase.
• The role of the nurse during this warning phase is to assist in preparing shelters and emergency aid stations and establishing contact with other emergency service groups.
• The impact phase occurs when the disaster actually happens, it is a time of enduring hardship or injury and of trying to survive.
• The impact phase may last for several minutes or for days, weeks, or years.
• The impact phase continues until the threat of further destruction has passed and an emergency plan is in effect.
• During the impact phase, the emergency operation center is established and put in operation, serving as the center for communication and other government agencies of health and healthcare providers to staff shelters.
• Every shelter has a nurse as a member of the disaster action team, responsible for psychological support to victims in the shelter.
• PHASES OF DISASTER

  Post-Impact Phase occurs when recovery begins during the emergency phase and ends with the return of normal community order and functioning. For persons in the impact area this phase may last a lifetime.
• Domains and Areas of Disaster Nursing Competencies

  Mitigation/prevention - Policy development and planning, Risk reduction, disease prevention and health promotion
• Domains and Areas of Disaster Nursing Competencies

  Preparedness - Ethical practice, legal practice and accountability, communication and information sharing, education and preparedness
• Domains and Areas of Disaster Nursing Competencies

  Response - Care of the community, care of the individuals and families, psychological care
• Domains and Areas of Disaster Nursing Competencies

  Recovery/Rehabilitation - Long term recovery of individuals, families and communities
• What are the 4 Domains and Areas of Disaster Nursing Competencies?

  1. Mitigation/prevention
  2. Preparedness
  3. Response
  4. Recovery
• Great Man Theory argues that a few people are born with the necessary characteristics to be great, and they can be effective leaders in any situation(Marriner-Tomey,2009). In addition, This theory assumed that all leaders were men and all were great (i.e., of the noble class). Those who assumed leadership roles were determined by their geneticand social inheritance.
• Trait Theory - A theory that was based primarily on the “great man” theory, but it differed by taking the position that leadership qualities and be identified and taught (Marquis& Huston, 2005). Although there were commonalities among them (e.g., they tended to be taller, be more articulate, or exude self-confidence), there was no standard list that fit everyone or that could be used topredict or identify who was or could be an effective leader.

   

   
• Situational or Contingency Theory rose to prominence during the 1950s, expanding on “trait theory”. Leader traits vary and are determined by the particular situation (Sullivan,1995). This is the most well-known and used situational theory involves assessing the nature of the task and the follower’s motivation or readiness to learn and using that todetermine the particular style the leader should use.
• Transformational Theory where James McGregorBurns asserted that the true nature of leadership is not the ability to motivate people to work hard for their pay but the ability to transform followers to become more self-directed in all they do. Recognizes that for leaders to be effective, the organizational culture needs to change (Grohar-Murray & DiCroce, 2003).
• Integrative Leadership Theory concludes that the leader, the follower, and the situation all influence leadership effectiveness (Marriner-Tomey,2009). Leaders need to be aware oftheir own behavior and influence on others, they need to recognize the individual differences of their followers (characteristics and motivations), they need to understand the structures available to perform specific tasks, and theyneed to analyse the situational variables that impact the ability of followers to complete tasks, including environmental factors.