T1 L6: How the Cardiovascular System Fails

Cards (21)

  • Cerebral blood vessel rupture?
    haemorrhagic stroke
  • Cerebral blood vessel blockage?
    ischaemic stroke
  • Coronary heart disease / ischaemic heart disease primary cause?
    atherosclerosis
  • Sympathetic activity during acute myocardial infarction?
    release of adrenaline and noradrenaline; response to pain and to haemodynamic abnormalities.
  • How does sympathetic activity help to compensate during heart failure?
    increase heart rate and contractility
  • fluid that leaves the blood causing fluid accumulation in tissue?
    transudate
  • Pulmonary oedema is usually caused by ____, due to damming of blood, so hydrostatic pressure increase in pulmonary circulation?
    left heart failure
  • Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity?
    ascites
  • Maintaining homeostasis of a physiological function despite stressors or malfunctions. Happens via endogenous physiological feedback?
    compensation
  • ACE inhibitors (angiotensin converting enzyme) or spironolactone (potassium diuretic) are used to treat?
    cardiac remodelling
  • Ventricular hypertrophy where ventricle dilates due to volume overload?
    eccentric remodelling
  • Ventricular hypertrophy where ventricle thickens due to pressure overload?
    concentric remodelling
  • What type of heart failure causes respiratory symptoms?
    left heart failure
  • What type of heart failure causes systemic symptomss?
    right heart failure
  • Heart failure symptomss?
    fatigue, peripheral oedema, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, orthopnoea (shortness of breath while laying down)
  • What is the end stage of decompensated heart failure?
    cardiogenic shock
  • Cardiogenic shock progresses by what kind of feedback?
    positive feedback
  • ACE Inhibitors, diuretics, beta blockers - treatment for?
    chronic heart failure
  • Internal bleeding - Loss of fluid leads to loss of pressure, ends with shock?
    haemorrhage
  • Decompensated heart failure mechanism?
    low perfusion ➝ kidney responds as if haemorrhage ➝ increases plasma volume ➝ fluid overload ➝ heart unable to pump extra fluid ➝ fluid dammingincreased venous hydrostatic pressure ➝ increased back pressure ➝ positive feedback loop ➝ rapid deterioration
  • Low output heart failure treatment goals?
    1. prevent acute decompensated heart failure
    2. counteract cardiac remodelling
    3. minimize symptoms