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103 - Heart, Lungs, Blood
Theme 1: Cardiovascular System
T1 L6: How the Cardiovascular System Fails
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Cards (21)
Cerebral blood vessel rupture?
haemorrhagic
stroke
Cerebral blood vessel blockage?
ischaemic
stroke
Coronary heart disease / ischaemic heart disease primary cause?
atherosclerosis
Sympathetic activity during acute myocardial infarction?
release of
adrenaline
and
noradrenaline
; response to pain and to haemodynamic abnormalities.
How does sympathetic activity help to compensate during heart failure?
increase
heart rate and contractility
fluid that leaves the blood causing fluid accumulation in tissue?
transudate
Pulmonary oedema is usually caused by ____, due to damming of blood, so hydrostatic pressure increase in pulmonary circulation?
left heart failure
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity?
ascites
Maintaining homeostasis of a physiological function despite stressors or malfunctions. Happens via endogenous physiological feedback?
compensation
ACE inhibitors (angiotensin converting enzyme) or spironolactone (potassium diuretic) are used to treat?
cardiac remodelling
Ventricular hypertrophy where ventricle dilates due to volume overload?
eccentric remodelling
Ventricular hypertrophy where ventricle thickens due to pressure overload?
concentric remodelling
What type of heart failure causes respiratory symptoms?
left heart failure
What type of heart failure causes systemic symptomss?
right heart failure
Heart failure symptomss?
fatigue, peripheral oedema, paroxysmal
nocturnal
dyspnoea
, orthopnoea (shortness of breath while laying down)
What is the end stage of decompensated heart failure?
cardiogenic
shock
Cardiogenic shock progresses by what kind of feedback?
positive
feedback
ACE Inhibitors, diuretics, beta blockers - treatment for?
chronic heart failure
Internal bleeding - Loss of fluid leads to loss of pressure, ends with shock?
haemorrhage
Decompensated heart failure mechanism?
low perfusion ➝ kidney responds as if
haemorrhage
➝ increases plasma
volume
➝ fluid
overload
➝ heart unable to pump extra fluid ➝ fluid
damming
➝
increased
venous hydrostatic pressure ➝
increased
back pressure ➝
positive
feedback loop ➝ rapid deterioration
Low output heart failure treatment goals?
prevent acute
decompensated
heart failure
counteract cardiac
remodelling
minimize symptoms