T2 L2: Intro to Respiratory Pathophysiology

• Low arterial blood gas reading shows?

  hypoxaemia
• Low blood O2 sats show?

  hypoxia
• Method to measure O2 in arterial plasma?

  arterial blood gases
• Method to measure percentage of haems in Hb having O2 bound in blood?

  Blood O2 Saturation
• Method to asses O2 in blood which detects hypoxaemia directly?

  arterial blood gas sampling
• Method to asses O2 in blood which detects hypoxia in finger capillaries?


  pulse oximetry
• High levels of carbon dioxide in blood is called?

  hypercapnia
• Which is more sensitive: PaO2 or O2 saturation?

  PaO2
• Type of hypoxia in which not enough oxygen enters the alveoli; implies problem is in lungs?

  hypoxic hypoxia
• Low minute ventilation (low tidal volume) is called?

  hypopnoea
• Low breathing rate is called?

  bradypnoea
• State where breathing stops, muscle respiration stops?

  apnoea
• A state of confusion, stupor, euphoria?

  narcosis
• Obstructive pathology when airways are inflamed with mucus, obstructing airways?

  chronic bronchitis
• Obstructive pathology when alveoli are inflamed and alveolar walls are destroyed, reducing alveolar surface area?


  emphysema
• Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are part of which disease?

  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• 'Blue bloaters' :

  • productive cough
  • small airways,
  • clogged,
  • gas trapping in chest,
  • prevents expiration,
  • CO2 insensitive
  • remain cyanotic?

  bronchitis symptoms
• 'Pink puffers' ;

  • amalgamation (uniting) of alveoli
  • weakened walls that collapse shut
  • puffing to maintain airways & alveoli open
  • successfully oxygenated?

  emphysema symptoms
• Stiff or malformed chest wall?

  kyphoscoliosis
• Hole that allows movement of fluids?

  shunt
• When deoxygenated blood mixes with HbO2, it equilibrates with fully saturated blood, stealing some of its O2.

  Net effect: all arterial blood has slightly lower O2 saturation.?

  venous admixture
• Name of veins that are shunt in healthy?

  thebesian veins
• Scarring and thickening of lung tissue;

  • diminishes lung function
  • progressive
  • more fibres and connective tissue?

  pulmonary fibrosis
• Name of Alveolar to arterial gradient of O2. If too high, means gas transfer has a problem.

  A-a gradient
• Pathology when fluid leaks out of capillaries. Diffusion limitation.

  pulmonary oedema
• Diffusion limitation is a possible cause of high A-a gradients.
• Airways with fluid collapse, so it is possible to hear fine crackles. Small airways 'pop' open during inspiration.
• Medical emergency where abnormal rapid, deep, laboured breathing at a consistent pace. Possibly due to advanced metabolic acidosis.

  Kussmaul breathing
• Causes of low O2 saturation?

  • insufficient ventilation (low O2 in alveoli)
  • poor gas exchange at alveoli (oedema or thickened parenchyma)
  • Mixture of blood having high O2 sat and low O2 sat