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103 - Heart, Lungs, Blood
Theme 2: Lungs and Gas Exchange
T2 L2: Intro to Respiratory Pathophysiology
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Cards (29)
Low arterial blood gas reading shows?
hypoxaemia
Low blood O2 sats show?
hypoxia
Method to measure O2 in arterial plasma?
arterial blood gases
Method to measure percentage of haems in Hb having O2 bound in blood?
Blood
O2 Saturation
Method to asses O2 in blood which detects hypoxaemia directly?
arterial blood gas
sampling
Method to asses O2 in blood which detects hypoxia in finger
capillaries
?
pulse oximetry
High levels of carbon dioxide in blood is called?
hypercapnia
Which is more sensitive: PaO2 or O2 saturation?
PaO2
Type of hypoxia in which not enough oxygen enters the alveoli; implies problem is in lungs?
hypoxic
hypoxia
Low minute ventilation (low tidal volume) is called?
hypopnoea
Low breathing rate is called?
bradypnoea
State where breathing stops, muscle respiration stops?
apnoea
A state of confusion, stupor, euphoria?
narcosis
Obstructive pathology when airways are inflamed with mucus, obstructing airways?
chronic
bronchitis
Obstructive pathology when alveoli are inflamed and alveolar walls are destroyed, reducing
alveolar surface area
?
emphysema
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are part of which disease?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
'Blue bloaters' :
productive cough
small airways,
clogged,
gas trapping in chest,
prevents expiration,
CO2 insensitive
remain cyanotic?
bronchitis
symptoms
'Pink puffers' ;
amalgamation (uniting) of alveoli
weakened walls that collapse shut
puffing to maintain airways & alveoli open
successfully oxygenated?
emphysema
symptoms
Stiff or malformed chest wall?
kyphoscoliosis
Hole that allows movement of fluids?
shunt
When deoxygenated blood mixes with HbO2, it equilibrates with fully saturated blood, stealing some of its O2.
Net effect: all arterial blood has slightly lower O2 saturation.?
venous admixture
Name of veins that are shunt in healthy?
thebesian
veins
Scarring and thickening of lung tissue;
diminishes lung function
progressive
more fibres and connective tissue?
pulmonary fibrosis
Name of Alveolar to arterial gradient of O2. If too high, means gas transfer has a problem.
A-a gradient
Pathology when fluid leaks out of capillaries. Diffusion limitation.
pulmonary oedema
Diffusion
limitation is a possible cause of high A-a gradients.
Airways with fluid
collapse
, so it is possible to hear fine crackles. Small airways 'pop' open during
inspiration.
Medical emergency where abnormal rapid, deep, laboured breathing at a consistent pace. Possibly due to advanced metabolic acidosis.
Kussmaul
breathing
Causes of low O2 saturation?
insufficient
ventilation
(low O2 in
alveoli
)
poor gas
exchange
at alveoli (
oedema
or thickened parenchyma)
Mixture
of blood having high O2 sat and low O2 sat