C1-2 atomic structure and periodic table

• An atom is made up of protons ( positively charged) neutrons ( neutral) and electrons ( negatively charged)
• The atom has a nucleus containing protons and neutrons and electrons orbiting it
• The overall charge of a atom is 0. The overall charge of an ion is the charge of the atom minus the charge of the element
• In the periodic table groups are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. it tells you the number of electrons in the outer shell
• The periods in the periodic table tells you the umber of shells the atom has
• The mass number tells you the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• The atomic number tells you how many protons an atom has.
• An element is made up of one type of atom
• A compound is made up of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions.
• A mixture is a substance that contains two or more elements or compounds that are not chemically combined
• conservation Of mass: no atoms are created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, only atoms are rearranged
• The total mass of reactants are equal to the total mass of products.
• Filtration is a method of separating a mixture with a insoluble substance by using a funnel and filter paper
• Crystallisation is the process of separating the solute from the solvent by gently heating it until the solute begins to crystallise and then allow the remaining solvent to evaporate by itself
• Chromatography is used to separate liquids Of colours
• Distillation is used to separate a solvent from a solution.
• Evaporation is used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid.
• Fractional distillation is an effective way of separating miscible liquids, using a fractionating column
• Paper chromagraphy separates mixtures of substances dissolved in a solvent as they move up a piece of system
• Ion is a charged atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons.
• Non metals gain electrons and become negative
• Metals lose electrons and become positive
• The octet rule is that the outermost shell of an atom must have eight electrons
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can exist.
• Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume.
• Density= mass / volume
• Gas has a flow of particles that move in all directions at a high speed.
• Liquid has a flow
• Change of state is the change of state of a substance from one to another without the loss of identity
• Giant ionic lattice is a giant structure of ions held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction
• Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between atoms in a chemical reaction.
• Giant ionic structures have a high melting point because they are strong and rigid
• Simple molecules are molecules that contain only one type of atom.
• Malleable means that it can be bent, shaped, or hammered into shape.
• Sonorous means having a pleasant, resonant sound, especially when spoken or sung.
• Ductile means that it can be drawn into a wire or rod without breaking.
• Metallic bond is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between delocalised electrons and the positive metal ions
• Conductivity is the ability of a material to allow the flow of electricity through it.
• Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree
• Insulation means that the energy is not transferred from one place to another.