Grade 10 Science

• Cell theory is that every living thing is made up of cells. Cells are a simple unit that can carry out all life function. They also all come from other cells, dividing to create more.
• Prokaryotes have no nucleus and are single celled.
• Eukaryote have a nucleus. They may be single or multi celled
• Nucleuses are double layered porous membrances surrounding DNA.
• The function of the nucleus is to co ordinate, control, and manage the cell's functions.
• The nucleaur membrane is a thin double layered membrane seperating nucleaur content.
• The nucleous is a dark condensed area inside of the nucleus.
• The nucleous makes ribosomes
• Ribosomes are small granular structures.
• Ribosomes are free floating or attached to the ER, making proteins.
• Endoplasmic reticulum or ER are folded membranes forming canals in order to transport materials.
• The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell and transforms energy for the cell.
• The golgi body packages and moves materials out of the cell.
• The vacuole is a fluid filled storage house, being larger in plants than animals.
• The vacuole contains water, food, wastes, etc.
• The cytoplasm has a jelly like material and stores organelles.
• The cell membrane surrounds cell contents and controls the movement of what comes in and out.
• Chloroplasts found only in plants enables the cell to make food through photosynthesis.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll.
• The cell wall, found in plant cells, is a rigid structure and surrounds the membrane while protecting and supporting.
• Lysosomes found in animal cells breaks down foods and digests it, along with worn out cell parts.
• Centrioles organize spindle fibres during mitosis
• Asexual reproduction involves only one parent, the offspring being a genetic copy.
• Sexual reproduction offsprings have characteristics of both parents.
• Repairing cells is important to heal cuts, blisters, broken bones, etc to fill in gaps.
• Chemical needed for cell activity enters by diffusion and water enters by osmosis.
• Cells divide because if they were too large, nutrients would be unable to reach the centre and die.
• Diffusion is the chemicals needed for activities entering a membrane.
• Osomosis is water entering.
• Cells divide to grow, repair, and reproduce.
• Interphase carries out 90% of a cell's life. It's DNA is replicated and organelles get formed.
• Prophase is long strands of DNA thickening into chromosomes which become visible. Nuclear envelope will break down and the nucleolus disappears.
• In metaphase, the nuclear membrane is gone and chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. Spindles from the centriole form and attach to the centromere.
• In anaphase, centromere splits and breaks apart paired chromosomes. The spindle fibres shorten and pull chromatins to opposite sides of the cell.
• In telophase, nuclear envelope and nucleoli form on opposite sides while the cell membrane pinches in. The spindles dissapear.
• In cytokinesis, the organelles divide and two identical daughter cells are finally formed.
• Cancer is uncontrolled mitosis which makes tumours.
• Tumours can be benign or malignant.
• Cancers have the potential to metaphize and spread to other parts in the body.
• Mutations are random changes in a cell's DNA.