kinetic particle theory

• Kinetic particle theory: all matter is made up of tiny particles which move randomly all the time
• arrangement of solid: very closely packed, in an orderly manner
• arrangement of liquid: closely packed, in a disorderly manner
• arrangement of gas: very far apart, arranged in a disorderly manner
• forces of attraction in solid: very strong
• forces of attraction in liquid: strong
• forces of attraction in gas: very weak
• motion of solid: vibrate/rotate about fixed positions
• motion of liquids: slide over one another freely
• motion of gas: move quickly and randomly in any direction
• Kinetic energy of solid: very low
• Kinetic energy of liquid: low
• Kinetic energy of gas: high
• differences between boiling and evaporation:

  1. boiling occurs at boiling point only, evaporation occurs at any temperature below boiling point
  2. boiling occurs throughout the substances, evaporation occurs at the surface of a substance
  3. during boiling, the temperature of the substance remains constant until all of the substance has changed into gaseous state. during evaporation, the temperature of the substance decreases
• solid -> liquid: melting

  liquid -> solid: freezing
• liquid -> gas: evaporation/boiling

  gas -> liquid: condensation
• solid -> gas: sublimation

  gas -> solid: vapour deposition
• diffusion: net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
• CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF DIFFUSION

  • temperature: more kinetic energy at higher temperatures, particles move more quickly
  • particle mass: particles with greater mass require more kinetic energy