(QUIZ 1) Ch 2 Pomerantz

• William Tuke (1732 - 1822)

  • Opened the York Retreat, a residential treatment center where people with mental illness would always be cared for with kindness, dignity, and decency.
• The York Retreat became an example of humane treatment, and soon similar institutions opened throughout Europe and the United States.
• Philippe Pinel (1745 - 1826):

  • Worked successfully to move people with mental illness out of dungeons in Paris, where they were held as inmates rather than treated as patients.
• Pinel went to great lengths to convince others that devils did not possess people with mental illness.
• Pinel advocated for staff to include in their treatment of each patient:

  1. A written case history
  2. Ongoing treatment notes
  3. Illness classification
• Eli Todd (1762 - 1832)

  • Inspired by Pinel, Todd opened The Retreat in Connecticut, treating patients humanely and dignifiedly.
  • He and his staff emphasized patient strengths rather than weaknesses, and patients were allowed significant input in their treatment decisions.
• Dorothea Dix (1802 - 1887)

  • Saw individuals too often sent to prisons or jails for their mental illness.
  • Presented data to community leaders in different cities on treatment of people with mental illness, resulting in the establishment of more than 30 state institutions for people with mental illness throughout the US
• Lightner Witmer (1867 - 1956) founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania.
• Witmer also founded the first scholarly journal called "The Psychological Clinic."
• In the 1800s in Europe, labeling systems were often placed into one of two categories:

  • Neurosis
  • Psychosis
• Neurotic individuals were thought to suffer from some psychiatric symptoms but to maintain an intact grasp on reality (i.e., anxiety and depression)
• Psychotic individuals demonstrated a break from reality in the form of hallucinations, delusions, or grossly disorganized thinking (common in what we would now call schizophrenia)
• Emil Krapelin, considered the father of descriptive psychiatry, offered a different two-category system of mental illness:

  • Exogenous Disorders: caused by external factors
  • Endogenous Disorders: caused by internal factors
• Kraeplin put forth the term dementia praecox to describe one endogenous disorder similar to what is now known as schizophrenia.
• Kraeplin set a precendent for the creation of diagnostic terms that eventually led to the DSM.
• Before the first DSM, the original reason for categorizing mental disorders was to collect statistics on the population.
• DSM-III provided specific diagnostic criteria, lists indicating exactly what symptoms constitute each disorder.
• Occasionally, disorders in the DSM are removed - such as homosexuality
• Edward Lee Thorndike was among those who promoted the idea that each person possesses separate, independent intelligences.
• Charles Spearman led a group of theorists who argued for the existence of "g," a general intelligence thought to overlap with many particular abilities (okay sir...)
• Alfred Binet (along with Theodore Simon) created the first Binet-Simon scale in 1905, an intelligence test based on the concept of "g."
• Lewis Terman eventually revised Binet's test into the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, the name by which the test is currently know.
• David Wechsler filled the need for an intelligence test designed for adults with the publication of his Wechsler-Bellevue test.
• The Rorschach Inkblot Method was based on the assumption that people will "project" their personalities onto ambiguous or vague stimuli.
• Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray published the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). It was similar to the Rorschach, but instead of inkblots, the TAT cards depicted people in scenes or situations that could be interpreted in various ways, and test takers were told to tell a story about it.
• Objective personality tests appeared soon after projectives, offering a very different and in many cases more scientifically sound method of assessing personality.
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was published by Hathaway and McKinley.
• The MMPI originally consisted of 550 true-false statements. Test takers' response patterns were compared with the standardization sample, essentially creating a built-in system to detect random responding or intentionally misleading responses.
• The behavioral approach to therapy emphasizes an empirical method, with problems and progress measured in observable, quantifiable terms (in response to lack of empiricism in psychodynamic therapy)
• Humanistic (client-centered) approach: Rogers' relationship- and growth-oriented approach to therapy offered an alternative
• Family therapy: understanding mentally ill individuals as symptomatic of a flawed system.
• Cognitive therapy: emphasis on logical thinking as the foundation of psychological wellness.
• New therapy approaches emerge from the context of - and often as a reaction against - the therapies that came before it.
• Robert Yerkes chaired the committee that created the Army Alpha and Beta intelligence tests during WWI. These are considered precursors to today's most widely used intelligence tests.
• In response to WWII, Pres. Harry Truman ordered the military to create a manual of psychological diagnoses to ensure a common language for all psychologists who treated or researched soldiers' problems. This manual became the first edition of the DSM.
• Currently, the cognitive approach is the most popular single-school therapy approach.