NI mod 2

• The Novice to Expert Theory: proposed by Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus as the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition which is aplied and modified to nursing by Patricia Benner.
• The Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition is applied to the development of nursing informatics skills, competencies, knowledge and experiences.
• The Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition is also applied to the development of technological system competencies.
• The Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition is used in the education of nursing students.
• The Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition is used in the transition of a graduate nurse to an expert nurse.
• The Novice to Expert Theory includes five levels of development: Novice, Advanced Beginner, Competent, Proficient, and Expert.
• It takes approximately five years to move through the five stages of the Novice to Expert Theory but not all novices become experts.
• Two personal characteristics that distinguish the successful evolution to the expert level are deliberate practice and willingness to take risks to go beyond the norm.
• Common themes of a person that progresses through the novice to expert levels are moving away from relying on rules and explicit knowledge to learning to trust and follow their intuition and pattern matching, and better cognitive filtering where problems become a complete and unique whole where some bits are much more relevant than others, and becoming an involved part of the system itself instead of being a detached observer.
• Novice does not know anything about the subject they are approaching and has to memorize its context-free features.
• Novices are given rules for determining an action on the basis of these features.
• Novices need monitoring by self-observation or instructional feedback.
• Advanced Beginner is still dependent on rules but begins to notice additional aspects that can be applied to related conditions as they gain more experience.
• Competent person is able to grasp all the relevant rules and facts of the field and is able to bring their own judgement to each case.
• Competent persons are characterized by the term problem-solving.
• Competent Nurses are able to use hospital info system with ease.
• Proficient is the stage known as fluency as it is characterized by the progress of the learner from the step-by-step analysis and solving of the situation to the holistic perception of the entirety of the situation.
• Proficient individuals would know how to interpret data from all departments and provide guidance to other members as needed.
• Experts repertoire of experienced situations is vast as they can now know what needs to be achieved thanks to the well-refined ability to exercise situational discrimination as they know how to achieve their goal.
• DIKW Model is a concept by Fricke (2018) that describes how data can be processed and transformed into information, knowledge, and wisdom.
• The process of transforming data into wisdom can be viewed as contextual and understanding.
• Contextual concept: one moves from gathering data parts, connection of raw data parts, formation of meaningful contents and conceptualizing and joining those meaningful contents.
• Understanding concepts: a process starting with researching and absorbing, doing, interacting, and reflecting.
• The hierarchy comprises of Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom.
• The hierarchy can be represented in terms of time where data, info, and knowledge are the past while wisdom is the future.
• The first step of the hierarchy is data where any measurements, logging, tracking, records, and many others are considered as data.
• Data is collected in bulk which means both useful and not are collected as raw data (main requirement).
• The second step is the information which can be termed as the data that's been given a meaning by defining relational connections.
• The word meaning represents processed and understandable data.
• The information reveals the relationships in the data, then the analysis is carried out to find the answer to who, what, when, and where questions.
• The third is knowledge which is described as the appropriate collection of information that can make it useful.
• Knowledge is a deterministic process.
• This knowledge step tries to find the answer to the HOW question where specific measures are pointed out, and the info derived in the previous step is used to answer this question.
• The last step is wisdom where it is known as the process to get the final result by calculating through extrapolation of knowledge.
• Wisdom considers the output from all previous levels the processes them through special types of human programming.
• Wisdom can be thought as the process where you can take a decision between the right and wrong, good and bad, or any improvement decisions.
• In this wisdom stage, the knowledge found is applied and implemented in practical life.
• Data in the DIKW Hierarchy is a way to identify the raw external inputs and is to be interpreted.
• Information in the DIKW Hierarchy is analyzed from the raw data to determine the organizational needs.
• Knowledge in the DIKW Hierarchy determines how something is remembered and how the information is applied.