unit 5

• what is extreme non rural?

  within 30 minutes travelling time to a large urban area
• what is extreme rural?

  more than 90 minutes travelling time to a large urban area
• what are the problems faced by extreme rural communities?

  ageing population and population decline

  service provision

  transport provision

  telecommunication/broadband provision

  housing availability and costs
• why do rural communities face ageing population and population decline?

  areas are far away from services and job opourtunities for young, highly educated people so they migrate out of the rural area to an urban area
• why is service provision an issue in rural areas?

  rural settlements are suffering from a spiral of decline caused from outward migration of people

  employers find it difficult to recruit labour, less investment happens and businesses shut, less money employment and people leads to shops and services closing and quality of life declines- more people leave
• how are services surviving in rural areas?

  volunteers working in shops

  reducing wages

  communities working together
• why is transport provision an issue in rural areas?

  young and elderly people are reliant on bus services for their means of transport into towns, however services are declining between 2011-2017 over rural bus mileage fell by 6.2%
• what is a case study of a declining village?

  St Johns Chapel in Durham
• what suggests St Johns chapel is experiencing outward migration?

  age 0-15 is 5% below UK average in 2011 census data

  age 60+ is 15% above average showing the ageing population
• what else has happened to St Johns chapel?

  decline in agriculture employment-lack of jobs

  nearest secondary School is 14 miles away

  in 1980 there were 160 children and now there is 38
• why is telecommunication/ broadband an issue in rural areas?

  extreme rurality have little broadband coverage co pared to urban areas which have super fast broadband coverage

  can't access zoom meetings for jobs

  can access online banking and branch is 80 miles away

  not accessing business delivery lists to help grow businesses and increase income
• what kind of area does counter urbanisation affect?

  accessible rural settlements
• what kind of area does second home ownership affect?

  attractive rural locations
• what is second home ownership?

  second homes tend to be purchased in physically attractive locations eg national parks and areas of natural beauty

  more affluent members in society eg London purchase properties to use as holiday homes
• what locations have more than 5% of second home ownership?

  Isle of Wight

  Lake District

  Dorset
• what is the case study for second home ownership?

  Cornwall where 11.2% of homes are second homes
• what effect has demand for second homes in Cornwall had on house prices?

  increased price due to increased demand

  cornwall average is £183,179 compared to UK average at £162,561
• what issues will be created for local residents in Cornwall?

  initial house prices increase and residents priced out of the area and forced out to move elsewhere
• what evidence is there to support issue of second homes in Helford?

  has 22% more than national average for second homes

  1% of population is 16-24 compared to national average of 12%
• what are the pull factors of Helford for second home ownership?

  close to beach, surfing and kayaking, little pollution, good views and walking routes and fishing activities
• what are the negative impacts of second homes in Helford?

  fishermen had road to help produce rejected as home owners wanted to keep environment the same leading to missing £1 million of fish per year

  general store has milk service decreased due to empty houses, fewer customers=less profits
• what are the positive impacts of second home owners in Helford?

  houses rented out boosting the economy

  tourists visit and eat advertised high quality seafood

  cleaning of wealthy second home owners creates jobs for locals
• what are the actions being taken against second home ownership in Cornwall?

  building more council/social housing

  maximising council tax from second home owners

  offering loans to bring empty houses back into use

  unlocking town centres to be regenerated for more housing
• what are the arguments against controlled second home ownership?

  less taxes brought to government

  people may choose to out migrate anyway due to few jobs avaliable
• what is counter urbanisation?

  social and demographic process where people move from urban settlements into rural areas
• what has counter urbanisation been facilitated by?

  increased vehicle ownership

  improvements to road systems eg motorways
• process of counter urbanisation has continued to present...

  in Uk in 1990, 88% of population lived in urban areas and by 2014 this had fallen to 82%
• what socio-economic groups are involved in counter-urbanisation?

  higher paid, affluent population as houses are more expensive in rural areas with higher car ownerships within this group allowing them to commute to work easily
• what are the push factors from an urban place?

  higher crime rates and poorer health

  higher house prices and smaller housing for same prices

  high levels of congestion poor air quality and noise pollution
• what are the pull factors to rural areas?

  community feel, lower crime rate of high level crime, increased safety

  remote working at home jobs

  better air quality, nicer views and less congestion
• where is counter urbanisation occurring?

  around London in south east of England
• why are people moving to cambridgeshire as counter urbanisation?

  thatched cottages, university, independent shops, cafe culture, village greens and agricultural county
• what is a case study of counter-urbanisation?

  St Ives in cambridgeshire
• where is St Ives?

  70 miles north of London
• how much has St Ives grew in population?

  1951- 3,078

  2011- 16,348
• how has the area grown in st ives?

  In 1951 the area covered just 0.5km squared whereas today it covers 4km squared