finals pc

• "Communication Networks,"

  skillful communication is essential for success.
• Speech to Inform

  An informative speech is one whose goal is to explain or describe facts, truths, and

  principles in a way that stimulates interest, facilitates understanding, and increases the

  likelihood of remembering.
• The purpose of informative communication is to

  add to a listener’s understanding.
• Characteristics of Effective Informative

  Speaking

  Intellectually Stimulating

  explained in a way that arouses their curiosity and interest.

  Relevant

  A general rule to remember when preparing informative speeches is this: Don’t assume your listeners will recognize how the information you share is relevant to them. Remember to incorporate listeners relevance links throughout the speech.

  Creative

  be creative when it gives innovative or cutting-edge ideas.
• Productive Thinking

  can choose the ones that are most appropriate to a particular audience.
• -Michael Micalko “Thinking like a Genius,
• Methods of Informing

  Description

  method used to create a precise, vivid, verbal picture

  describe something effectively,
• -Comparison and contrast is a method of informing that centers on how something is

  similar to and different from other things.
• Narration is a method that retells
• -Narration can be shown in a first-, second-, or third-person voice.
• -Demonstration is a method that shows how something is done, displays

  the stages of a process,
• Technique

  Presentational aids, Repetition,Transitions,Humor and other emotional anecdotes,Mnemonics and acronyms
• Guidelines for Choosing an Organizational Pattern

  
  

  Chronological

  you want to show a step- by step

  progression and/ or you want to

  discuss an event, phenomenon, or

  concept over time.
• Spatial

  you want to help the audience

  visualize something you are

  describing and/or you want to

  describe something by moving from

  point to point through space.
• Categorical

  You want to emphasize the

  significance of the categories or

  divisions in some way or you are

  interested in a flexible approach to

  organization.
• Causal

  you want your audience to

  understand those factors (causes)

  that have contributed to some

  outcome (effects) or you want your

  audience to understand the impact

  (effects) of some problem or

  phenomenon.
• Problem-Solution

  You want to make your audience

  understand a problem more fully,

  while acknowledging associated

  solutions, or you want to help your

  audience become aware of diverse

  solutions to a problem without

  advocating any one of them.
• first method is to define a word of idea by classifying it and differentiating it from

  similar words or ideas.
• second method is to define a word by explaining its derivation
• third method is to define a word by explaining its use or function.
• fourth method is define something is by using a familiar synonym or

  antonym.
• -Demonstration is a method that shows how something is done, displays

  the stages of a process, or exhibits how something works.
• Speech to Persuade

  -Persuasion involves the process of modifying or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, values,

  or behavior.
• -A persuasive message might aim to influence liking or disliking something, such as a

  new shopping mall or bats. Beliefs, defined as what one perceives as true or false, are often rooted in past experiences or faith. can target beliefs, attempting to change or strengthen them. Values, enduring concepts of right or wrong, influence life goals and behavior.
• Cognitive dissonance

  elling listeners about existing problems or information

  that is inconsistent with their currently held beliefs or

  known information creates psychological discomfort.
• Hierarchy of needs

  People are motivated by unmet needs. The most basic

  needs are

  physiological, followed by safety needs, social needs,

  self-esteem needs, and finally, self- actualization needs.
• Positive motivation

  People will more likely change their thinking or pursue a

  particular course of action if they support what the

  speaker advocates.
• Negative motivation

  People seek to avoid pain and discomfort. They will be

  motivated to support what a speaker advocates if they

  are convinced that bad things will happen to them

  unless they do.
• Proposition of Value

  -An assertion of value involves making a statement that prompts the audience to

  assess the worth or relevance of something.
• Proposition of Policy

  -The third type of proposition, known as a statement of policy, advocates for a specific

  action, typically involving a change in policy, procedure, or behavior.
• propositions of policy, the speaker aims to persuade the

  audience to support a specific action, as illustrated by the example of advocating for

  the abolition of academic tenure for college professors. The speech is organized

  topically, presenting reasons why academic tenure is no longer deemed a sound

  policy, and it calls for specific action from the audience.
• Speech to Entertain

  usually happens in an after-dinner situation, or

  at a time when the audience does not expect to be asked to think very hard or to take a very serious action.
• Formal communication networks are systems designed by

  management to dictate who should talk to whom to get a

  job done.

  The most common way of describing formal networks is

  with organizational charts.
• Downward communication occurs whenever superiors initiate messages

  to their subordinates.
• Types: Job instructions, job rationale, procedures and practices, feedback, indoctrination.

  Purpose: To convey tasks, explanations, rules, performance feedback, and organizational mission.

  Benefits: Assists in task clarity, understanding organizational goals, and motivating employees.
• Messages flowing from subordinates to superiors are labelled upward

  communication.
• horizontal communication

  (sometimes called lateral communication).

  messages

  between I members of an organization with equal power.
• Informal Communication Networks

  -patterns of interaction based on friendships, shared

  personal or career interests, and proximity between workers.
• Functions of Informal Networks.

  Confirming - confirms formal messages.

  Expanding - fill in the gaps left by incomplete formal messages.

  Expediting - deliver messages more quickly than official channels can.

  Contradicting - contradict official messages.

  Circumventing - bypass official channels that are unnecessarily cumbersome and time consuming.

  Supplementing - job done better than the more formal variety

  can.
• business letters- formal, written to a specific person, usually a business contact, and are used for a variety of purposes