ao3 ethological

• W of IRMs is that that refuting evidence from , Lorenz underestimated the role and influence of environment and experience on aggression within animals.

  Lehrman- learning and experience, environment influences innate factors in complex ways.

  FAPs across a species may not be identical, but involve subtle variations in how they lead to and demonstrate aggressive behaviour. such subtle variations shows that env and experience do cause an influence,

  and IRMs are affected by learning and not as stereotyped as previously thought. does not take into account, incomplete explanation of aggression.
• W- FAPs is that they cannot explain agg in humans, human aggression is affected by culture and not unaffected by learning.

  Nisbett- homicide was more common amongst white males from southern USA compared to northern states, especially true for reactive aggression.

  difference was caused by a 'culture of honour' in Southern states, people were conscious of how they were perceived and impulsively aggressive if they felt disrespected.

  learnt social norms affect aggression, and since aggression can be affected by learning in humans, ideas like FAP cannot apply to humans.
• W- ritualistic aggression , observations by Jane Goodall.

  chimpanzees from a national park in Tanzania. 'four year war', male chimps from one community set about systematically

  slaughtering all members of another group. This was done in a co-ordinated and premeditated way, and in cases chimpanzees were hit and bit for 20 minutes despite showing signs of appeasement. appeasement displays do not always lead to a reduction in aggression and that intra- species aggression can in fact result in death.

  ritualistic aggression does not explain aggression in animals, undermining its validity
• S- aspects of ritualistic aggression (such as practices to prevent

  physical conflict) can be applied to human beh.

  Yanomamo tribe tend to engage in chest pounding and club fighting Floebel (1967) found that Inuit Eskimos engage to prevent escalation into physical conflicts. Furthermore, in 'song duels' to settle disputes.

  This shows humans use rituals to reduce actual aggression and prevent unnecessary death/injury to people within the tribe.

  Thus demonstrates that ritualistic aggression can explain occurrence of aggressions in humans, enhancing its validity.