large molecules

• what are the basic units of proteins?

  amino acids
• what elements are proteins made up of?

  carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen
• what do some proteins contain?

  sulfur
• how many amino acids are in living things?

  20
• what reaction joins amino acids to make proteins?

  condensation
• what causes the different folds in proteins?

  the R group
• what do 2 amino acids form?

  a dipeptide
• what to 3 or more amino acids form?

  polypeptide
• what does 1 or more polypeptide form?

  protein
• what makes up an amino acid?

  an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R-group
• what is primary structure?

  sequence of a chain of amino acids
• what is secondary structure?

  where hydrogen bonds form between the amino acids causing it to coil into an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet
• what is tertiary structure?

  3D folds of a polypeptide
• what is quaternary structure?

  where polypeptides join together to make a chain (a protein)
• what bonds can form between proteins?

  • disulphide
  • ionic
  • hydrogen
• each hydrogen bond in a protein is weak but collectively they are very strong
• fibrous proteins are generally composed of long and narrow strands and have a structural role (they are something) 
• globular proteins generally have a more compact and rounded shape and have functional roles 
• give an example of a fibrous protein?

  collagen
• give 2 examples of a globular protein?

  haemoglobin and an enzyme
• In collagen the polypeptide chains are wound together like a rope. These cross-linkages make the structure rigid as the polypeptides are very tightly held together.
• Tendons need to not snap under force so their weak points are staggered which makes it stronger.
• what does the body use proteins for?

  growth and repair
• what elements are carbohydrates made up of?

  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
• there is twice as much hydrogen as oxygen in a carbohydrate
• glucose + glucose?

  maltose
• glucose + frutose?

  sucrose
• glucose + galactose?

  lactose
• what is the formula for glucose?

  C6H12O6
• what does 2 monosaccharides form?

  a disaccharide
• what does 3 or more monosaccharides form?

  a polysaccharide
• what reaction reaction links monomers to form polymers?

  condensation reaction
• what reaction breaks down polymers into monomers?

  hydrolysis
• what is formed during a condensation reaction?

  water
• what monomer makes up starch?

  glucose
• what types of bonds are formed in starch?

  glycosidic
• what is the function of starch?

  energy source and storage
• how is starch suited to its function?

  • insoluble- it doesn't affect water potential
  • large and compact- a lot of it can fit into a small space
  • large- which makes it difficult for it leave the cell
• what monomer makes up glycogen?

  glucose
• what type of bonds form in glycogen?

  glycosidic