Biology IB

• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells and does not require oxygen.
• Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria and requires oxygen as an electron acceptor.
• Electron transport chain is located on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion and uses energy from electrons to pump protons across the membrane, creating a concentration gradient used by ATP synthase to synthesize ATP.
• Oxidative phosphorylation is the process whereby ATP is produced during aerobic respiration using the energy released when hydrogen atoms are transferred along the electron transport chain.
• Hierarchy of taxa:

  Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• Key Features of Bryophyta (i.e mosses and liverworts):

  • Has no vascularisation (no xylem or phloem)
  • Has no leaves, roots or stems
  • reproduce by releasing spore (sporangia)
  • Anchored by a root-like structure called RHIZOID
• Key Features Filicinophyta (ferns):

  -Have vascularisation (xylem and phloem)

  -Have leaves, roots and stems

  -reproduce by releasing spores from clusters known as sori on the underside of leaves.
• Features of Coniferophyta (coniferns):

  -Have vascularisation

  -Have leaves, roots and stems (woody stems & waxy needle leaves)

  -reproduce by non-motile games--> seed in cones
• Features of Angiospermophyta (flowering plants):

  -Have vascularisation

  -Have leaves, roots and stems

  -Reproduce by seed produced in ovules within flowers
• Features of monocots:

  -1 cotyledon

  -Fibrous roots, parallel venation

  -Scattered stem vascularisation

  -Pollen has a single pore

  -Flowers are multiples of 3

  
• Features of Dicots:

  -2 Cotyledons

  -Tap roots with lateral branches

  -Ringed vascular bundles (the duo gets us in order)

  -Net like veins on leaves, flowers multiples of 5 or 4

  -Pollen has 3 pores

  
• Porifera features:

  • no symmetry
  • no gut structure
  • Structural support includes mineral structures called spicules
  • distinctive feature--> Filter water through pores on outer surface of body
• Cnidaria features

  • Radial symmetry
  • One opening for mouth and anus
  • soft bodied (structural support)

  
• Platyhelminthes features:

  • Bilateral symmetry
  • One opening for mouth and anus
  • soft-bodied (structural support)
  • Unsegmented worms

  
• Features of Annelida:

  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Separate openings for mouth and anus
  • Hydroskeleton
  • Segmented worms

  
• Features of Mollusca:

  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Separate openings for mouth and anus
  • Soft bodies, some secrete a calcium carbonate shell
  • A muscular foot and many have a radula
• Features of Arthropoda:

  • Bilateral Symmetry
  • Separate opening for mouth and anus
  • Hard exoskeleton
  • Segmented bodies and jointed legs

  
• Features of Chordata:

  • Bilateral Symmetry
  • Separate openings for mouth and anus
  • Internal skeleton (structural support)
  • At some point during development they must have - a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail
• The 2 main functions of the pancreas

  Endocrine function- islets of Langerhans - these make insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells)

  Exocrine function- making and releasing digestive enzymes into a pancreatic duct and then the DUODENUM (small intestine)
• Diabetes

  A disease in which you can't regulate your blood sugar concentration
• Type I diabetes

  • the body destroys its own beta cells meaning insulin cannot be made.
  • treatment involves insulin injections after each meal when blood glucose concentrations get too high.
• insulin- secreted by the pancreas in response to high glucose concentrations
• glucagon- secreted by the body when blood glucose concentration is low, increases blood glucose concentration by increasing glucose uptake by muscles
• Type II diabetes:

  insulin resistance, occurs after people eat high sugar diets for long periods of time, the pancreas secretes loads f insulin to a point where the liver starts to ignore it so blood sugars remain high, there is no way of reducing blood sugar conc.