Social 20

• The Three Estates in pre-revolutionary France were the First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (nobility), and Third Estate (commoners).
• The leader of the Three Estates in France was the King of France, who held absolute power.
• The Estates-General in France was a legislative assembly representing the Three Estates.
• The Estates-General was convened in 1789 to address France's financial crisis.
• The Storming of the Bastille triggered the French Revolution and symbolized the uprising against the monarchy.
• The March on Versailles was a demonstration by Parisian women demanding bread and the king's move to Paris.
• The Jacobins were a radical political group during the French Revolution.
• Napoleon ended the French Revolution by becoming the ruler of France.
• Napoleon rose to power through military successes and a coup d'état in 1799.
• The Napoleonic Code was a legal code established by Napoleon that reformed French law.
• The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of European powers to restore order after Napoleon's defeat.
• The main causes of the American Revolution were taxation without representation, British policies, and Enlightenment ideas.
• Canada's role in the War of 1812 was as a battleground for British and American forces.
• Key figures in the War of 1812 were Laura Secord (Canadian), Tecumseh (Shawnee leader), Isaac Brock (British General).
• Patriotism is pride in one's country; Nationalism involves a sense of superiority and often a desire for national advancement or independence.
• Chinese immigrants contributed to the Canadian Railway by being instrumental in building the Canadian Pacific Railway, often under harsh conditions.
• Indigenous peoples, British and French colonists, and immigrants from various countries were involved in building Canada.
• Emily Stowe, a pioneer for women's rights and the first female doctor in Canada, was a famous woman in Canada's history for equality.
• The Schlieffen Plan was Germany's military strategy in WWI to quickly defeat France before turning to Russia.
• The key terms of the Treaty of Versailles were German disarmament, territorial losses, war guilt clause, and reparations.
• The Big Three at the Treaty of Versailles were Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd George (UK), Georges Clemenceau (France).
• Hitler’s role in WWII was as the leader of Nazi Germany, initiating the war and being responsible for the Holocaust.
• The Nuremberg Laws were racist laws in Nazi Germany that discriminated against Jews.
• The Battle of Dieppe highlighted the need for better planning and intelligence in amphibious assaults.
• Napoleon centralized power in France through administrative reforms, controlling the military, and influencing the legal system.
• Kristallnacht was a violent pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany in 1938.
• Canadian forces were significant in the Juno Beach landings on D-Day.
• The Jacobins led the radical phase, including the Reign of Terror, of the French Revolution.
• The War of 1812 fostered a sense of Canadian identity and nationalism.
• The Dunkirk evacuation saved over 330,000 Allied troops, allowing them to continue fighting in WWII.
• The Holocaust was the systematic genocide of six million Jews and others by Nazi Germany.
• Germany's objective with the Schlieffen Plan was to avoid a two-front war by quickly defeating France before Russia could mobilize.
• The 1929 Stock Market Crash triggered the Great Depression in the 1930s.
• The Battle of Beaumont-Hamel in WWI was a battle where the Newfoundland Regiment suffered heavy losses on the first day of the Battle of the Somme.
• Hitler's main policies were expansionist, anti-Semitic, autocratic, and militaristic ideologies.
• Nellie McClung led famous women’s suffrage movements in Canada.
• The Nuremberg Laws affected Jews by stripping them of many civil rights and segregating them from German society.
• John A Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier were key figures in Canada's formation.
• The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI but sowed the seeds for WWII due to harsh terms imposed on Germany.
• The Chinese head taxes in Canada were taxes imposed on Chinese immigrants to discourage their immigration.