Endocrine System

Cards (46)

  • Endocrine system consists of: glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
  • Hormone is a chemical messenger released by an endocrine gland to regulate metabolism, growth, development, tissue function, sexual function, sleep, mood, and other processes.
  • The hypothalamus secretes releasing or inhibiting factors which stimulates/inhibits anterior pituitary gland
  • Anterior Pituitary Gland produces TSH (thyroid), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic), FSH (follicle-stimulating), LH (luteinizing), prolactin, and growth hormone
  • The hypothalamus secretes releasing factors (RF) or inhibiting factors (IF). These are transported via the hypophyseal portal vein to the anterior pituitary where they stimulate or inhibit secretion of specific hormones from the anterior pituitary.
  • Anterior Pituitary - produces several hormones including ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, prolactin, and MSH
  • Posterior Pituitary Gland stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone from the hypothalamus
  • Thyroid Gland produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • Oxytocin causes uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding
  • Antidiuretic Hormone regulates water balance in body fluids
  • Posterior Pituitary - stores oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • Parathyroid Glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • Adrenal Cortex produces mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), and sex steroid hormones (androgen and estrogen)
  • Adrenal Medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Adrenal Cortex releases cortisol, aldosterone, and sex steroids
  • Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
  • mammary glands: glands that produce milk for nursing and lactation
  • The thymus secretes T-cell lymphocytes which are important to the immune system.
  • hGH: human growth hormone.
  • TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone.
  • FSH: follicle stimulating hormone.
  • LH: luteinizing hormone.
  • PTH: parathyroid hormone.
  • Calcitonin: secreted by the thyroid gland, it lowers blood calcium levels.
  • Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex, it helps regulate metabolism, blood pressure, and stress response.
  • Adrenal Glands are located on top of both kidneys.
  • Epinephrine increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels to increase blood pressure, dilates airways, and inhibits digestion.
  • Disorders Related to the Thyroid: Iodine Deficiency, Hyperthyroidism, hyPOthyroidism
  • Iodine deficiency: stunted growth, delayed development, poor mental development, stillbirth
  • Hyperthyroidism: Increased metabolic rate, increased heart rate, increased body temperature, increased blood pressure
  • Hypothyroidism: Decreased metabolic rate, decreased heart rate, decreased body temperature, decreased blood pressure
  • Insulin and Glucagon: Hormones that control blood glucose levels
  • Glucagon: a hormone formed in the pancreas which promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.
  • Insulin: A hormone that is released by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels
  • Alpha cells in glucagon work when: blood glucose levels are too high
  • Beta cells in insulin work when: blood glucose levels are too low
  • Cortex: Outer part of the adrenal gland responsible for producing cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
  • Medulla: Inner part of the adrenal gland responsible for producing epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Aldosterone: Regulates salt and water balance in the body