ch.1

• Mary Whiton Calkins

  • studied psych under William James
  • denied PhD at Harvard
  • first elected female of the APA
• Charles Darwin

  • british naturalist
  • theory of evolution
  • ideas of "natural selection" continue to influence the modern evolutionary perspective
• Dorothea Dix

  • american activist who successfully pressured lawmakers to construct and fund asylums for the mentally ill
• Sigmund Freud

  • one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century
  • founded the psychoanalytical school of psych, emphasizing the role of the unconscious and how childhood experiences influenced adult personality
• G. Stanley Hall

  • studied under William James
  • first psych lab in the US
  • first president of the APA
• William James

  • harvard professor
  • key role in establishing psych in the US
  • emphasized the purpose or "function" of behaviour and mental experiences
• Ivan Pavlov

  • russion physiologist
  • 532 experiments devoted to studying and formulating the principles of "classical learning"
  • pavlov's dogs
• Jean Piaget

  • swiss psychologist
  • focused on cognitive development
  • "stage theory of development" describes how infants, children, and adolescents use different cognitive abilities
• Carl Rogers

  • humanist
  • optimist view that people are innately good
  • "self-concept" is the cornerstone for personality
  • people are motivated to achieve their full potential (self-actualize)
• B.F. Skinner

  • "behaviourist" focusing on the observable and objective
  • formulated the principle of operant conditioning
  • Skinner box
• Margeret Floy Washburn

  • first american woman to be awarded a PhD in psychology
  • best known for her experimental work in animal behaviour
• John B. Watson

  • early american psychologist who focused on "observable behaviours" rather than subjective mental processes
  • one of the founders of behaviourism
• Wilhelm Wundt

  • german scientist
  • first psych laboratory in germany
  • pioneered the method of "introspection"
• psychology - the science of behaviour and mental processes
• monism - seeing the mind and body as different aspects of the same thing
• dualism - seeing the mind and body as two different things that interact
• nature-nurture controversy - the extent to which behaviour results from heredity or experience
• nature-nurture controversy

  • plato and descartes believed behaviour is inborn (nature)
  • aristotle, locke, watson, and skinner believed that behaviour results from experience (nurture)
• structuralism - emphasized units of consciousness and used introspection to reveal the structure of the mind
• introspection - process of observing one's own mental processes
• structuralism psychologists

  • Wilhelm Wundt
  • G. Stanley Hall
  • Edward Titchener
  • Margaret Floy Washburn
• "founder" of psychology

  Wilhelm Wundt
• Functionalism - explored how mental and behavioural processes function and how they enable an organism to adapt, survive, and flourish in its environment
• functionalism psychologists

  • William James
  • Mary Whiton Calkins
• Behaviourism - psych should be an objective science and studies behaviour without reference to mental processes
• behaviourism psychologists

  • Ivan Pavlov
  • John Watson
  • B.F. Skinner
• Psychodynamic approach - psychological perspective concerned with how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behaviour
• psychoanalysis/psychodynamic psychologists

  • Sigmund Freud - father of psychoanalysis
  • Jung, Adler, Korney, Kohut - psychodynamics
• Humanistic psychology - emphasized individual growth potential, self-fulfillment, and explores the importance of current environmental influences
• humanism psychologists

  • Carl Rogers
  • Abraham Maslow
• Biological approach - how our physical makeup and the operation of our brains influence our personality, preferences, behaviour patterns, and abilities
• Cognitive approach - how we encode, receive, store, and process info and use language
• cognitive approach psychologist

  • Jean Piaget
• Evolutionary approach - how natural selection promoted to the survival and spread of our ancestors' genes; take Darwinian approach to study human behaviour
• empiricism - idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
• psychoanalysis - emphasizes how the unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behaviour
• sociocultural approach - how cultural differences affect our behaviour and thinking
• eclectic - use of techniques and ideas from a variety of approaches - biopsychosocial
• cognitive neuroscience - the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition
• natural selection - the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations