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alcohols
reactions of alcohol
Oxidation PAG 5.3
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partial
oxidation -
distillation
complete oxidation
-
reflux
distillation
diagram
distillation
- most
volatile components
distil out first
water
should flow
against gravity
to help remove air from the
condenser
for more
efficient
cooling
why is a
condenser
used?
to cool and condense the
vapour
into
liquid
why are anti-bumping beads used?
to
reduce
the
pressure
within the system
why is there no thermometer when heating under reflux?
to avoid
pressure
building + not
heating
to specific
temp
as its continuous
reflux
is a
continuous
process of
evaporation
followed by
condensation
where
volatile
components cannot escape
why is a
heating mantle
used?
even and controlled
heat source
which prevents
plastic components
melting away
oxidising agent:
[O]
reagent:
acidified potassium dichromate
(VI) -
K2Cr2O7
/
H2SO4
OR
Cr2O7 2-
/
H+
explanation of OMG:
oxidation number is +
6
then chromium is
reduced
, gaining
electrons
then chromium's charge changes from
+6
to
+3
and this is
green
why is gentle heating used?
primary alcohol
can be partially
oxidised
to form an
aldehyde
primary
alcohol
distillation
water is formed when
aldehyde
forms
heat under reflux
- complete
oxidation
oxidation of aldehyde:
aldehyde
is
refluxed
with
acidifies K2Cr2O7
to form
carboxylic acid
oxidation to secondary alcohols: easily
oxidised
to
ketones
by
heating
under
reflux.
oxidation of tertiary alcohol: not
oxidised
under normal conditions, but do break down with vigorous
oxidation
, so it remains
orange
for
oxidation
to take place, two
H
atoms must be on adjacent
C
and
O
atoms
reducing agent:
[H]