Bio

Cards (36)

  • Enzymes consist of amino acid chains folded into intricate structures.
  • The active site, a specific region of the enzyme, binds to substrates, facilitating chemical reactions.
  • Temperature influences molecular motion, affecting enzyme-substrate interactions.
  • pH alters the enzyme's charge, impacting its ability to bind substrates.
  • Substrate and enzyme concentrations determine reaction rates.
  • Amylase, found in saliva, initiates the breakdown of starch into sugars.
  • Catalase protects cells from damage by breaking down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
  • DNA polymerase is essential for replicating DNA strands accurately during cell division.
  • ATP hydrolysis, catalyzed by ATPases, releases energy stored in its phosphate bonds.
  • This energy powers cellular processes, coupling ATP breakdown with reactions that require energy.
  • Chlorophyll absorbs primarily red and blue wavelengths, reflecting green light, crucial for photosynthesis.
  • Carotenoids absorb blue and green light, enhancing light absorption for photosynthesis and providing photoprotection.
  • Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes, where chlorophyll absorbs light energy to generate ATP and NADPH.
  • The Calvin Cycle, in the stroma, uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into glucose, a process called carbon fixation.
  • Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, yielding more ATP through glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Anaerobic respiration, like fermentation, generates ATP without oxygen, typically producing lactic acid or ethanol.
  • ATP comprises adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
  • Chlorophyll is the dominant pigment in plant chloroplasts, vital for photosynthesis.
  • Carotenoids are found in various fruits and vegetables, contributing to their vibrant colors and antioxidant properties.
  • Alcoholic fermentation, by yeast and some bacteria, produces ethanol and carbon dioxide from sugars.
  • Lactic acid fermentation, prevalent in muscle cells, generates lactic acid from pyruvate during anaerobic conditions.
  • Endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings, like photosynthesis converting light energy into chemical energy.
  • Exothermic reactions release heat, such as the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration.
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, breaking down glucose into pyruvate and producing ATP and NADH.
  • The Krebs Cycle, in the mitochondrial matrix, further oxidizes pyruvate, generating NADH and FADH2.
  • The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Chemiosmosis, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, generate ATP through the transfer of electrons and the flow of protons.
  • Oxidative phosphorylation couples ATP synthesis with the flow of electrons in the ETC.
  • The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a central metabolic pathway occurring in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
  • The Krebs Cycle is a series of chemical reactions that completes the oxidative breakdown of glucose-derived pyruvate, ultimately generating energy in the form of ATP and high-energy electron carriers, NADH and FADH2.
  • Phosphate groups are the key to ATP’s function as a cellular energy carrier.
  • Adenine: A nitrogenous base derived from purine, which is attached to the sugar molecule ribose.
  • Ribose: A five-carbon sugar molecule forming the backbone of ATP.
  • Three Phosphate Groups: Attached to the ribose sugar in a chain-like structure.
  • Ribose is a pentose sugar, meaning it has five carbon atoms.
  • NADH, or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) in its reduced form, is a coenzyme found in all living cells.
  • NADH plays a crucial role in cellular respiration and other metabolic pathways as a carrier of electrons and protons (H⁺).