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• Alter the way people live, connect, communicate, and transact with profound effects on economic development
• In ancient times, people were concerned with transportation, navigation, communication, recordkeeping, mass production, security and protection, health, aesthetics, and architecture
• Transportation was significant during that time because people were trying to go places and discover new horizons
• Navigation assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world
• Communication was essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places
• Record-keeping was important to remember the places they had been to and document the trades they made with each other
• Ethics


  Branch of philosophy dealing with moral standards, ideas, norms of morality, conscience, moral values, and virtues
• Moral


  Describing a human act as either ethically right or wrong, or qualifying a person's personality, character as either good or bad
• Moral standards


  Norms or prescriptions that serve as frameworks for determining what ought to be done, what is right or wrong action, what is good or bad character
• Non-Moral standards


  • Social rules, demands of etiquette, and good manners
• Non-Consequence standards


  • Based on natural law
• Consequence standards


  • Results or outcome
• For theists, God is the ultimate source of what is moral revealed to human persons. For Non-theists, God is not the source of morality
• Moral Dilemmas are present situations where there is tension between moral values and duties that are more or less on equal footing. The decision-maker has to choose between a wrong and another wrong
• Ethical Dilemma is a decision-making problem between two possible moral imperatives, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable
• Ethical Paradox is sometimes called as a contradiction in moral philosophy
• False Dilemma is a situation where the decision-maker has a choice between a right and a wrong, but has a moral duty to do one
• Gap versus Overlap - there may be gaps and overlaps in roles and responsibilities. Gaps leave an important thing in an organization undone, while overlaps are unnecessary and counterproductive, leading to waste of resources
• Lack of clarity


  Refers to a lack of understanding or confusion about something
• Lack of Creativity


  Refers to a lack of originality or imagination in thought or expression
• Flexibility


  Ability to change or be changed easily according to the situation
• Adherence


  Fact of behaving according to a particular set of beliefs, following a particular set of beliefs in a fixed way of doing so
• Imagination


  In thought or expression
• Adherence


  Fact of behaving according to a particular set of beliefs
• Dilige, et quod vis pac: 'Love and do what you will'
• Centralized Decision making


  Versus Decentralized Decision making
• Resolving moral dilemmas


  Choosing the greater good and lesser evil
• Immanuel Kant: 'German philosopher who formulated the Jonson criterion of moral standard which is the universal necessity of the maxim, what makes it a categorical imperative is what makes it obligatory'
• Weaknesses of Filipino:
• Weaknesses of Filipino


  • Extreme Family centered
  • Extreme Personalism
  • Lack of Discipline
  • Passivity and lack of initiative
  • Colonial Mentality
  • Coy Kanya Kanya Syndrome
  • Talangka Mentality
  • Lack of Analysis and Self-Reflection
• Strengths of Filipino:
• Strengths of Filipino


  • Pakikipagkapwa
  • Family orientation
  • Joy and humor
  • Flexibility and creativity
  • Hard work and industry
  • Faith and religiosity
  • Ability to survive
• Fr. Jaime Bulatao: 'Research identified the "kami" mentality of Filipinos'
• Dr. Vitaliano Gorospe: 'Referred to this way of thinking as group-centeredness or group thinking'
• Lao Tzu: 'Stated that when all persons are good and do only what is ideal then there will be no more need for rules and laws'
• Ethics


  Society's concept of right and wrong
• Moral


  Personal beliefs
• Freedom

  A prerequisite of ethics or morality
• Information


  Knowledge obtained through reading
• Knowledge


  Processed Information