test 2

• Political Science - systematic study of and reflection upon politics
• Political Science - systematic study of the state and government.
• Politics - describes the processes by which people and institutions exercise and resist power.
• The word political is derived from the Greek polis, meaning a city-state
• Science comes from the Latin scire, “to know”
• Political Geography - study of the influences of physical factors such as sources of raw materials, population, geographical conditions ,etc. upon domestic and foreign politics.
• Geopolitics – location as a source of power
• Political sociology and anthropology - origins and nature of social control and governmental authority, with the abiding influences of race and culture upon society, & with the patterns of collective human behavior.
• Jurisprudence - branch of public law, concerned with the analysis of existing legal systems
• Positivism is a philosophical school that holds that all genuine knowledge is either true by definition or facts derived by reason and logic
• Empiricism - the theory that all knowledge is based on experience derived from the senses.
• Interpretivism is based on the assumption that reality is subjective, multiple and socially constructed. That is to say we can only understand someone's reality through their experience of that reality
• Rational choice theory states that individuals use rational calculations to make rational choices and achieve outcomes that are aligned with their own personal objectives. 
• Behaviouralism - examines the behaviour, actions, and acts of individuals
• Structuralism - human actions must be understood by way of their relationship to a broader, overarching system or structure
• Post-structuralism expresses the belief that individual meaning and values are taken from the common meanings of a group of individuals, so that their reality is contextualised and socially constructed, and mediated by language and discourse.
•  Institutionalism – focuses on the role of organizations and institutions in shaping the world in various ways. 
• Pluralism - view that politics and decision making are located mostly in the framework of government, but that many non-governmental groups use their resources to exert influence
• Primary sources - historical documents and official records
• Secondary sources - scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case studies, experimental research, and model building.
• Politics - "what concerns the state", STATECENTRIC APPROACH
• Otto Von Bismarck - "Politics is the art of the possible"
• Philosopher Charles Blattberg - politics "responding to conflict with dialogue" 
• Mao Zedong - "Politics is war without bloodshed while war is politics with bloodshed."
• Homo-politicus - stereotypical behaviour of people in a political setting.
• Aristotle - Homo politicus
• Plato - man is essentially a political animal – Zoon politikon 
• David Easton -  POLITICS ‘authoritative allocation of values’.
• David Easton: politics is highly restrictive
• ­Politics is the public allocation of values
• ­Politics is the resolution of conflict
• ­Politics is the competition among individuals, groups, or states pursuing their interests
• Two basic modes of politics: cooperation and conflict
• Politics as cooperation, or integration based on order and justice, driven by the considerations of the common good,support of the existing social order
• Politics as conflict as struggle for power, in their favour of change the status quo
• Democracy: majoritarian and consensual
• In a majoritarian system, decisions are made based on the majority rule, where the preferences of the majority of voters determine outcomes.
• Consensual systems prioritize inclusivity and compromise, seeking to accommodate diverse viewpoints and interests.
• Charles Tilly: ­“war made the state and the state made war”
• Policy refers to the set of principles, objectives, guidelines, and actions that governments and other institutions adopt to address specific problems or achieve desired goals.