3.3.6 Organic Synthesis

• Test for organic functional group

  Alkene: Bromine water - Orange colour decolourises
• Test for organic functional group

  Aldehyde: Fehling’s solution - warm - Blue solution to red precipitate

  Aldehyde: Tollens’ reagent - warm - Silver mirror formed
• Testing for Organic Functional Groups

  Carboxylic acid: Sodium carbonate - Effervescence of CO2 evolved
• Testing for Organic Functional Groups

  Primary / Secondary alcohol and aldehyde: acidified potassium dichromate (VI) - Orange to green colour change
• Testing for Organic Functional Groups

  Chloroalkane: Warm with nitric acid and silver nitrate - Slow formation of white precipitate of AgCl

  Acyl chloride: nitric acid and Silver nitrate - vigorous reaction - steamy fumes of HCl - rapid white precipitate of AgCl
• Aromatic synthetic routes

  A) conc nitric acid conc sulfuric acid

  B) electrophilic substitution

  C) Sn and HCl

  D) reduction

  E) Acyl chloride and AlCl3

  F) electrophilic substitution

  G) NaBH4

  H) reduction Nucleophilic addition

  I) NaCN sulfuric acid

  J) nucleophilic addition

  K) LiAlH4

  L) reduction

  M) nucleophilic substitution

  N) acyl chloride

  O) Nucleophilic addition elimination

  P) Haloalkane

  Q) carboxylic acid sulfuric acid

  R) heat

  S) esterification

  
• UV wavelength radiation passes through the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface and heats up Earth’s surface. The Earth radiates out infrared long wavelength radiation. The C=O Bonds in CO2 absorb infrared radiation so the IR radiation does not escape from the atmosphere.
• CO2 bonds vibrate at the same frequency as IR radiation so it absorbs it
• Below 1500 cm-1 – “Fingerprinting” . This part of the spectrum is unique for every compound, and so can be used as a "fingerprint".