Reading and Writing Q3

• Reading - refers to the process of decoding cognitive symbols to derive meaning from a text

  • involves a complex interaction between the text and author
  • indispensable skill that requires practice
• Writing is the activity or skill of marking coherent words on paper and composing text.
• writing process has the following

  general steps: pre-writing, writing, and revising
• Text is defined by Collins & Hollo (2000) as:

  ⊹ “A stretch of language” which is perceived as a purposeful connected whole

  ⊹ May be spoken or written, produced by one person or

  more, and is created by text-internal cohesion and text-external coherence
• Discourse is defined by Collins & Hollo (2000) as:

  ⊹ Any stretch of language larger than a sentence,

  whether spoken or written, and having a logically

  consistent and unified structure

  ⊹ Follows different flows and uses patterns of paragraph development
• In selecting and organizing

  information, the writer can

  select from the following

  techniques:

  1. Making a brainstorming list

  2. Drawing graphic organizers

  3. Writing a topic of sentence outline
• Brainstorming is a creative process where individuals or

  a group collectively generates ideas to solve a problem,

  address a question, or explore a topic. The purpose of a

  brainstorming list is to capture a wide range of ideas

  without judgment, allowing for a diverse array of

  possibilities.
• A brainstorming list is a compilation of ideas,

  thoughts, or concepts generated during a

  brainstorming session.
• Graphic organizers may be drawn to

  help a writer organize his ideas. The

  choice of an appropriate graphic

  organizer is dependent on the pattern

  to be used in developing the paper.
• Pie/Circle/Sector Graph- used to

  present proportions and percentages; It

  may be solid (consisting of sectors

  bound together and differentiated by color, shading, etc.) or exploded

  (consisting of sectors shown

  separately).
• Column/Bar Graph- used to compare

  quantities; It may be vertical (consisting

  of standing columns) or horizontal

  (consisting of lying columns).
• Line Graph - used to show progress or

  development; It may be single-line

  (consisting of only one line) or multiple

  line (consisting of many lines

  differentiated by color form, or

  thickness).
• Surface Graph - used to show

  proportions and quantities; lt may be single-surface (consisting of only one layer or Stratum) or multiple-surface (consisting of several layers or strata; also called strata, belt, or band chart).
• Map Chart- used to show geographical

  data and how things are put together; It

  may be a geographical map, an

  economic map, a road map, a political

  map, or another kind
• Pictograph- used to represent data

  using icons and images relevant to the data
• Drawing/Illustration- used to show

  details not available in a photograph

  (e.g., parts of a machine)
• Organizational Chart- used to present

  the lines of responsibility and

  accountability in an organization
• Table- used to present a large body of

  numerical and other data; It may be

  formal (consisting of titles or headings,

  subheadings, legends, etc.; usually in

  grid form) or informal (lacking some

  items found in a formal table)
• Venn Diagram - overlapping circles

  used to compare and contrast two or

  more sets of items
• Flow Chart - used to show chronology

  of events in a narrative or stages in a

  process-It may be a strip chart (having

  strips of paper to cover the items

  presented) or a nonstrip chart (having

  no strips of paper)
• Tree Chart/Tree Diagram- used to

  present a classification or an analysis
• Outlining involves listing down all ideas relevant to the

  topic, sorting them all into major and minor ones, and

  creating an outline out of them. A good writer, whether

  technical or not, uses an outline to serve as a skeletal

  framework for his composition.
• OUTLINING SYSTEMS:

  1. Alphanumeric System- Makes use ofRoman and Hindu-Arabic numbers as well as uppercase and lowercase letters

  2. Decimal System- Makes use of whole

  numbers for main ideas and decimal

  extensions for subpoints
• TYPES OF OUTLINE BASED ON STRUCTURE:

  1. Topic Outline

  2. Sentence Outline

  3. Paragraph Outline
• TOPIC OUTLINE

  Organizes information into topics, subtopics,

  and details, providing a general overview of

  the structure
• PARAGRAPH OUTLINE

  Takes the detailing process further by expanding

  each outline entry into a full paragraph; This type

  of outline provides even more depth and

  specificity, allowing the writer to flesh out ideas

  and develop a comprehensive understanding of the

  content; It is particularly useful for planning and

  organizing the actual writing process, providing a

  roadmap for each section or paragraph of the final

  document.
• TYPES OF OUTLINE BASED ON PURPOSE:

  1. Reading Outline

  2. Writing Outline
• Reading Outline- is a

  structured overview of

  the content of a text

  that helps readers grasp

  the main ideas, key

  points, and

  organizational structure

  of the material.

  
  

  Writing Outline- is a

  systematic plan that

  writers use to organize

  and structure their

  thoughts before

  composing a document,

  essay, or other written

  work.