CPH prelims

• Public health is ecological in perspective, multi-sectoral in scope and collaborative in strategy.
• Public health aims to improve the health of community through an organized community effort.
• The history of public health in the Philippines is based on socio-political periods: Pre-American Occupation, American Military Government, Philippine Assembly, The Jones Law, The Commonwealth, Japanese Occupation, Post World War II, Martial Law Years, and Post EDSA Revolution.
• Public health works began at the old Franciscan Convent in Intramuros where Fr. Juan Clemente put up a dispensary in 1577 for treating indigents in Manila.
• During Spanish time, public health works included the creation of Board of Vaccinators to prevent smallpox, Board of Health, construction of Carriedo Waterworks, first Medical School in the Philippines (UST), School of Midwifery, Public Health Laboratory, and Forensic Medicine.
• Dry vaccine against smallpox was first used.
• Nursing students at Philippine Normal School.
• Philippine Tuberculosis Society was organized.
• Pasteur prophylaxis treatment against rabies was offered.
• Use of anti-typhoid vaccine was initiated.
• Hypochlorite of lime was first used for treating the water supply of Manila.
• Etiology of Amoebic dysentery was made clear.
• Anti-TB campaign was started.
• Opening of the Philippine General Hospital (PGH)
• New waterworks in Manila was inaugurated to control cholera.
• Hygiene and Physiology were included in curriculum of public elementary school.
• Environmental degradation caused by deforestation, deterioration of seas and rivers due to industrial waste, indiscriminate disposal of waste lead to ecological imbalance and pave the way for the emergence of new types of microorganisms.
• The indiscriminate consumption and overuse of antibiotics have resulted in drug-resistant bacteria, viruses and parasites.
• Occupational hazards become a major concern in industrialized areas.
• Hospitals before the Americans came to Philippines included General Hospitals like San Juan de Dios Hospital, Chinese General Hospital, Hospicio de San Jose in Cavite, Casa dela Caridad in Cebu, and Enfermeria de Santa Cruz in Laguna.
• Switching from inexpensive penicillin to other drugs increased treatment costs which are beyond the reach of the poor.
• More women joining the work force may or may not have an adverse effect on the family, as care of children will be entrusted to caretakers.
• Urbanization has been forecast to comprise 65 to 75% of the total population by the year 2020, resulting in a multitude of economic and social problems such as the rise of slums, criminality, disease and unemployment.
• Overcrowding, inadequate housing facilities, poor environmental sanitation are major issues in urban areas.
• Contagious Hospitals included San Lazaro Hospital, Hospital de Palestina in Camarines Sur, Hospital delos Leprosos in Cebu, and Hospital de Argencina in Manila for smallpox and cholera.
• Military Hospitals included Hospital Militar de Manila, Hospital Militar de Zamboanga.
• Naval Hospitals included Hospital dela Marie in Cebu, Hospital de Basilan.
• Other hospitals/Asylums included Hospicio de San Pascual Baylon in Manila, Asylum of St. Vincent de Paul in Manila for poor girls, and Hospital of San Jose for orphaned children and mentally ill.
• During the American Military Government, public health works included control of epidemics such as cholera, smallpox and plague, fight against communicable diseases such as leprosy, diarrhea, malaria, and amoebic dysentery, and projects and activities like establishing a garbage crematory, approving the first sanitary ordinance and rat control, and confirming that plague in man comes from infected rat.
• The American Military Government also opened a leper colony in Culion, founded the Manila Medical Society and Philippine Island Medical Association, opened the UP College of Medicine, and established Bureau of Science.
• A survey showed increased incidence of TB, VD, malaria, leprosy and malnutrition during the post-war period.
• Programs were launched in cooperation with private sectors to provide services to the periphery (indigents, minority groups).
• The National Chest Center was constructed for control case registry for TB, mass immunization with BCG.
• One-infection method for gonorrhea with penicillin was introduced during the post-war period.
• General sanitation has been reduced to a national hazard after the war.
• An industrial hygiene laboratory was established during the post-war period.
• The Philippine Independence was completed with the completion of a research on Dichlorodiphenyltrichlorothanel (DDT) as a larvicide and DDT residual spraying of houses in the control of malaria.
• The Department of Health (DOH) was re-organized during the post-war period, with the creation of several offices: Dental Health Services, Malaria Education Services, Disease Intelligence Center, Food and Drug Administration, National Schistosomiasis Control Commission, National Nutrition Program.
• The Philippines was the first country to implement the Primary Health Care (PHC) during the post-war period, with promotive and preventive care rather than curative care.
• The Rizal Development Project was implemented during the post-war period.