W2

• Reversible cell injury is caused by a decrease in ATP, resulting in hydropic swelling.
• Hydropic swelling occurs when the failure of the sodium potassium pump causes sodium to stay in the cell and water to follow sodium.
• Cellular accumulation is a type of reversible cellular injury caused by too much stuff in a cell.
• Atrophy is a type of reversible cellular injury where cells shrink due to not getting enough nutrients or fluids.
• Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to stress, such as exercise or organ growth to compensate for equivalent organ dysfunction.
• Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells.
• Metaplasia is the conversion of one cell type to another cell type to compensate for stress.
• Dysplasia is a disorganized increase in the number of cells.
• Stagnant or Ischemic Hypoxia is an inability to provide required oxygen because the heart doesn’t pump as efficiently due to multiple reasons, causing cell damage.
• Anemic Hypoxia decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to a reduction in red blood cells.
• Hypoxemic Hypoxia is when the decreased oxygen partial pressure causes oxygen to not be able to enter the blood solution.
• Histotoxic Hypoxia is when a cell is unable to use the oxygen being delivered to it.
• Myogenic theory is the theory that smooth muscle requires oxygen to stay contracted, thus oxygen concentration regulates the contraction of precapillary sphincters.
• Metabolic theory is the theory that the increase in metabolic rate or decrease in nutrient/oxygen availability cause an increase in the release of vasodilator substances like lactic acid that create systemic vasodilation.
• Cerebral Edema is a result of hypoxia causing an increase in the permeability of cerebral capillaries.
• Renal Failure could lead to Hypoxia in the kidneys due to the kidneys reliance on active transport to filter solutes out of solution.
• Dicrotic notch is a pleth wave point indicating aortic valve closure.
• Reperfusion injury occurs due to accumulation of Ca overload and the release of cytochrome c in the cell that signal apoptosis.
• Free radicals are electron hungry atoms that can overwhelm natural defense mechanisms and cause oxidative injuries to cells.
• Grey Matter is unmyelinated brain matter that is mostly cell bodies and dendrites that use slow continuous propagation.
• White matter is myelinated brain matter that is mostly axons.
• Nuclei are clusters of neuron cell bodies in brain and spinal cord.
• Schwann Cells are cells that myelinate PNS nerves.
• Neurolemma is the nucleus and cytoplasm of Schwann cells.
• Astrocytes are neuroglia that cling to neurons and provide structural support as well as form blood brain barrier.
• Microglia are phagocytic white blood cell derivatives that ingest and digest things that shouldn’t be in brain like pathogens.
• Ependymal cells are cells that line 4 ventricles and spinal canal to create CSF by filtering blood.
• Oligodendrocytes are cells that form myelin around CNS cells.
• Satellite Cells are flat cells that surround neuron cell bodies for protection of PNS.
• Sodium Potassium Pump is a mechanism that works to restore resting membrane potential.
• Hypernatremia causes rise in resting membrane potential bringing resting membrane potential closer to threshold thus making it easier to start an action potential. I.e. High and fast, Muscle twitching, dysrythmias
• Hyponatremia lowers resting membrane potential making it harder to create and action potential I.e. low and slow symptoms
• Hypocalcemia is not enough calcium that probably causes hypernatremia that makes neurons more excitable. I.e. fast and frequent. paresthesia, twitching, muscle spasms, bronchiole spasms, hypervetilation
• Hypercalcemia is too much calcium that probably causes hyponatremia. I.e. low and slow, fatigue, lethargy, bradycardia, cardiac arrest
• Hypokalemia is decreased potassium lowering resting potential and making cells less excitable. I.e. decreased muscle excitability, weakness, NV, paralysis, respiratory arrest, postural hypotension
• Hyperkalemia is increased cell potassium, caused by all issue that inhibit sodium potassium pump or normal cell solute exchange. I.E. first fast and frequent SS then low and slow