full gr 10 science exam notes

• GWP (global warming potential): How dangerous one greenhouse gas is from another based on concentration and how long it is in the atmosphere before it is gone
• Organ systems include the digestive system which breaks down food and absorbs nutrients, the excretory system which filters blood and lets out urine, the skeletal system which supports the body by protecting organs and helps support movement, the reproductive system for reproduction, the respiratory system to exchange gasses, the circulatory system which transports nutrients and oxygen around the body, the immune system which protects the body from getting sick by fighting unknown pathogens, the integumentary system which protects organs by covering the body, the nervous system which detects
• Stem cells have the potential to turn into any specialized cell, but can’t turn back into a stem cell, and can also divide, no function.
• Meristems are the stem cells for plants.
• Totipotent stem cells can turn into any cell and twins.
• Pluripotent stem cells can turn into any specialized cell.
• Adult stem cells can turn into groups of specialized cells.
• Cancer is uncontrolled cell division.
• The cell cycle includes interphase which is not part of the cell cycle, and mitosis which includes Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.
• Plants don’t have centrioles.
• Humans have 46 chromosomes.
• A zygote is a fertilized egg.
• A cleavage furrow is a part of cell division.
• A cell plate is made from vesicles and is a part of cell division.
• Cell division is necessary for growth, replacement of damaged or dead cells, and efficiency (SA:V).
• Frogs have lungs, breathe through moist skin, have a heart with 3 chambers and mixed blood (2 atriums, 1 ventricle), a digestive system
• Worms breathe through moist skin, have 5 pseudohearts/arteries, a gizzard to break down food, and an intestine.
• Humans have a respiratory system and lungs (aveoli sacs), a heart with 4 chambers, 2 atriums, 2 ventricles, a digestive system, and are unicellular.
• Plants breathe through stomata, transport nutrients/water through xylem/phloem.
• significant digits: any number except for trailing zeros or zeros after a decimal point,

  multiplying: round to the least amount of significant digits of one of the products, adding: round to the least amount of decimal places of one of the numbers,

  measuring: write down the numbers you know for sure then make a estimate on one of the numbers,

  solving word problems using factor conversion: write down the ratios, then set up equation to solve,

  optics: we can see through light rays hitting our eyes
• Naming chemicals/compounds involves ionic: metal + nonmetal -> metal nonmetal(ide (if it is an element)), acids: H + nonmetal, molecular compounds (non-metal, covalent): mono: one, di: two, tri: three, tetra: four, penta: five, hexa: six, hepta: seven, octa: eight, nona: nine, deca: ten, polyatomic elements: ic for elements with more valence electrons and ous for elements with less valence electrons, Lewis dot diagram (bonding in ionic and covalent bonds), law of conservation of mass, gas tests, chemical equations, types of reactions: synthesis: A + B -> AB, decomposition: AB -> A + B, single
• Physical properties of chemicals include colour, malleability, ductile, viscosity, odour, transparency (opaque, transparent, translucent), state of matter (solid, liquid, gas), brittle, melting point and boiling point.
• Evidence of chemical change includes new before, precipitates formed from two aqueous solutions mixing together forming new solids, light produced, temperature change, gas produced, solids, odour change, and chemical change are hard to reverse.
• The refractive index, or n, is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to speed of light in any medium.
• The vitreous humor is the fluid in the eye.
• The retina is the part of the eye that sees black and white.
• Glow sticks are a type of chemiluminescent product.
• Electric discharge is the production of light through voltage charges in a container.
• Refraction is the change in direction of a ray of light as it transitions from one medium to another.
• Phosphorescence is the production of light through a long period of time converting UV light.
• The mirror lens equation states that di = distance of image, do = distance of object, 1/f = 1/di + 1/do, and m = hi/ho = -di/do.
• Concave mirrors have a focal point infront the mirror, where straight rays bounce back from the focal point.
• Fast to slow speed of light means that the ray goes toward the normal ray, while slow to fast speed of light means that the ray goes away from the normal ray.
• Cones in the retina see color.
• In a plane, the laws of reflection state that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.
• The lens of the eye is a biconvex lens.
• Farsightedness, or hyperopia, is when the eye is shorter, causing light rays to meet up further from the retina, making images blurry.
• In a lens, a biconvex lens is a type of lens.
• Plane mirrors have incident rays, reflective rays, and normal rays.
• The optic nerve sends signals to see what thing.