Science 3 - CELLS

• The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms.
• All living organisms are made of cells.
• All cells come from pre-existing cells.
• Prokaryotes include Bacteria and Archaea, which have no nucleus to contain genetic material or control cellular activities, no membrane-bound organelles, and have ribosomes.
• Eukaryotes include plants, animals, fungi, and protists, which have a nucleus to contain genetic material and control cellular activities, have membrane-bound organelles, and have ribosomes.
• Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells include Ribosomes, which are not membrane-bound and present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and synthesize proteins.
• The Nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities, and contains a nucleolus where ribosomes are made.
• The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) includes the Rough ER, which has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein production and transport, and the Smooth ER, which has no ribosomes and is involved in lipid production and detoxification.
• The Golgi Apparatus packages and modifies molecules, sorts molecules and determines where they go.
• Mitochondria produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration, using glucose and oxygen to produce ATP.
• Chloroplasts (in plants only) use energy from sunlight to produce glucose through photosynthesis.
• Vacuoles can serve as storage, with a large central vacuole in plants and small vacuoles in animal cells.
• The Cell Wall (in plants only) provides extra protection and maintains cell shape.
• The Cytoskeleton provides support and plays a role in movement.
• The Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) is selectively permeable and maintains homeostasis by controlling what enters and exits the cell.
• Ringworm is a fungal infection, not caused by a worm.
• Antibiotics do not work on fungi.
• Antibiotics target bacteria and can affect reproduction, cell walls, or protein production.
• Fungal cells are different from bacterial cells, as they have more in common with animal cells than they do with bacterial cells.
• Antifungals are used to treat fungal infections.
• Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms, including bacteria and archaea.
• Eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular organisms, including protists, plants, animals, and fungi.
• Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
• Eukaryotes have a nucleus to store their DNA and membrane-bound organelles.
• Different types of eukaryotic cells have different types of organelles.
• Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.
• Most prokaryotic cells have a cell wall.
• Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells, being generally larger and having a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria, while prokaryotic cells do not.
• DNA in eukaryotic cells is found inside the nucleus, while DNA in prokaryotic cells is located in the cytoplasm.
• Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
• Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" when examining the cork of a wine bottle and saw box-like compartments that reminded him of tiny rooms or "cells".
• Red blood cells are eukaryotic cells.
• Eukaryotic organisms include animals, plants, fungi, and paramecia.
• Prokaryotic organisms include bacteria and archaea.
• Red blood cells, which are derived from eukaryotic cells, are eukaryotic and can be considered cells.
• Red blood cells are mammalian red blood cells, as the red blood cells in other vertebrates retain their nuclei and mitochondria.
• The genomic DNA for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is predominantly double-stranded, meaning the DNA is mostly in the form of a double-helix.
• The multiple strands being described are chromosomes each of which contains a double-stranded DNA.
• Red blood cells are not "real cells", but are instead structures derived from cells.