Interviewing & Investigations C1&2

• A tentative idea/explanation about how something happened/how it works. Also known as "working theory"

  Hypothesis
• Methodical process of exploring/examining through inquiry or observation

  Investigation
• Structured conversation between witness, suspect, victims, and investigators

  Interview
• Exposing a witness to information after they've witnessed an event, which may affect their recollection of that event

  Contamination
• Someone who provides a statement/information to the police regarding an investigation

  Informant
• Same with informants, but police has guaranteed their anonymity. Their identity cannot be revealed, unless they waive their legal privilege

  Confidential Informant
• A witness who has observed material facts or facts relevant to the elements of the offense

  Material Witness
• A person acting on direction of the police, who induces another person to do something they would not usually do

  Agent Provocateur
• Someone who acts on the direction of police to go out and become involved in an activity under investigation

  Agent
• The likelihood of a piece of evidence being allowed by the judge to be presented in court

  Admissibility
• Evidence not based on a witness' own knowledge but was heard from another source

  Hearsay evidence
• Evidence that goes beyond the fact to present an option/conclusion

  Opinion Evidence
• Opinion evidence is: admissible or inadmissible?

  Inadmissible
• Opinion evidence presented in a legal proceeding by a qualified expert witness drawn from their particular area of expertise

  Expert Evidence
• A witness', suspects', or victim's account of an event, usually taken in the course of a formal interview

  Statement
• Process in which the Crown attorney is required to reveal all of the evidence to the defense

  Disclosure
• The idea that memories are stored in a literal, chronological form that can be accessed at a later point

  Conceptual Model of Memory
• This model holds that memories are passively recorded and later replayed at will, in detail

  Conceptual Model of Memory
• A theory of memory function based on the hypothesis that a major factor in how much we will remember is the degree to which the conditions that exist during memory retrieval match the conditions that existed during one's experience of the to-be-recalled event

  Encoding Specificity
• A theory of memory function that describes the shortcuts taken by the brain in an effort to store and retrieve an enormous number of individual memories

  Cognitive Economy
• Previously inaccessible memories that are reported to later have been recovered, usually as a result of some sort of therapy or triggering event

  Repressed Memories
• Final step in the overall memory process

  Recall Process
• Includes all stages of the memory system, use of short term and long term memory to understand the question and access the correct trace in their long term memory

  Recall Process
• Refers to a group of four techniques developed as a result of psychological research, designed to facilitate a witness' use of their memory during the interview

  Cognitive Interview
• What are the four techniques in cognitive interview?

  Report everything, change order, change perspective, context reinstatement
• An interview that uses the four original CI techniques, but attempts to maximize their effectiveness by placing them in an appropriate structure and providing interviewers with institutions on how to best use them to minimize the tendency of police interviewers to engage in counterproductive behavior such as interrupting or using short answer questions

  Enhanced Cognitive Interview
• A search for the truth

  Investigation
• Someone who was present at a place where they personally observed or experience something relevant to the commission of a crime and who volunteers information

  Witness
• Someone who gives information to the police, usually for something in return like money

  Informant
• What is used by the court to ensure attendance of witnesses?

  Subpoena
• The act that determines whether a person will be permitted or compelled to testify

  Canada Evidence Act
• Having the legal capacity to testify

  Competence
• Ability of the state to require a person to testify in court proceeding

  Compellability
• Which case is this: Nothing should be admitted into evidence unless it is relevant to the charge?

  Morris
• Hearsay evidence: admissible or inadmissible?

  Inadmissible
• What case was important to disclosure?

  Stinchcombe
• Is witness statement evidence?

  No
• Permanent record of a witness's observations

  Statement
• Three consequential stages of conceptual model of memory

  Sensory register, working/short-term memory, long-term memory
• Occurs when we witness an event - all the sensory information

  Sensory register