BIO

• The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which then travel to target organs or tissues.
• Carbon is the basic element required for all life.
• Hydrogen is the simplest atom.
• The Periodic Table consists of four types of bonds: Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen, and Van der Waals.
• Covalent bonds share electrons.
• Ionic bonds are due to charge attraction.
• Water molecules are polar with a partial charge separation.
• Hydrogen bonds are due to partial charge attraction.
• Van der Waals forces are due to weak partial charge attraction of large molecules.
• Four Types of Macromolecules are Protein, DNA/RNA, Polysaccharides, and Lipids.
• Amino acids are the subunit of proteins.
• Nucleotides are the Subunits of DNA/RNA.
• Cholesterol is a precursor to steroid hormones.
• Lipids come in several shapes.
• Water dissolves Ions.
• Orbital theory and Geometry of molecules are discussed in a separate lecture.
• Single Bonds allow free rotation.
• Double Bonds make planar structures.
• Polysaccharide subunits can be linear or cyclic.
• Orientation of Hydroxyl (-OH) groups determine sugar.
• Van der Waals forces orient lipids.
• Cells use energy through a process called metabolism.
• There are different types of metabolism.
• The thermodynamic laws that govern chemical reactions are important in understanding how cells use energy.
• The basics of chemical reactions are crucial for understanding how cells use energy.
• Enzymes play a role in how cells use energy.
• Metabolic classification is a key aspect of understanding how cells use energy.
• Forms of energy include potential and kinetic energy.
• Chemical energy is a form of energy that cells use.
• The first law of thermodynamics is a fundamental principle in understanding how cells use energy.
• The second law of thermodynamics is another fundamental principle in understanding how cells use energy.
• Chemical reactions are a crucial aspect of how cells use energy.
• Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) is a concept in understanding how cells use energy.
• Negative ΔG indicates endergonic reactions, while positive ΔG indicates exergonic reactions.
• The rate of a reaction is influenced by activation energy.
• Enzyme shape and active site formation are important aspects of how cells use energy.
• Demonstration of the enzyme/substrate complex is a crucial aspect of understanding how cells use energy.
• Diversity is NOT mostly due to huge differences in DNA sequences, but is mostly due to WHEN and WHERE genes are expressed.
• A gene is a section of DNA that encodes the information for building a protein.
• Different versions of a gene are referred to as alleles.