Characteristics of depression

• What are the behavioral characteristics of depression?

  Reduced energy and lethargy
• How does depression affect activity levels?

  It typically reduces energy, causing lethargy
• What extreme behavior might some sufferers of depression exhibit?

  Inability to get out of bed
• What is psychomotor agitation in depression?

  Struggling to relax and pacing
• What sleep disturbances are associated with depression?

  Insomnia and hypersomnia
• How does depression affect appetite?

  It can increase or decrease appetite
• What aggressive behaviors might occur in depression?

  Verbal and physical aggression
• What emotional characteristic is a defining element of depression?

  Lowered mood
• How do patients describe their feelings in depression?

  As "worthless" and "empty"
• What negative emotions do sufferers of depression experience?

  Extreme anger and irritability
• What is a common cognitive characteristic of depression?

  Poor concentration
• How does depression affect decision-making?

  It makes decision-making difficult
• What cognitive bias do depressed individuals exhibit?

  Attending to negative aspects only
• What is absolutist thinking in depression?

  Seeing situations as all-good or all-bad
• What are the key components of Beck's theory of depression?

  • Negative world view
  • Faulty information processing
  • Cognitive triad
• What does Beck's cognitive triad consist of?

  Pessimistic view of self, world, future
• What did Grazioli and Terry (2000) find regarding cognitive vulnerability?

  It predicts postnatal depression risk
• What is a limitation of Grazioli and Terry's study?

  It may not be representative of all groups
• What is the 'sadder but wiser' effect?

  Seeing things realistically rather than optimistically
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Beck's theory?

  Strengths:

  • Supported by evidence of cognitive biases
  • Influential in therapy development

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Cannot explain extreme emotions
  • Ignores some irrational beliefs
• What are the key components of Ellis's ABC model?

  • Activating events
  • Beliefs
  • Consequences
• What triggers irrational thoughts according to Ellis?

  Negative events
• How do beliefs affect emotional consequences in Ellis's model?

  They determine if consequences are productive
• What is musturbatory thinking?

  Believing certain ideas must be true for happiness
• What are the implications of Ellis's ABC model for therapy?

  • Challenge irrational beliefs
  • Promote rational thinking
  • Improve emotional well-being
• What evidence supports Ellis's ABC model?

  Negative cognitive patterns precede depression
• What did Cohen et al (2019) find in their study?

  Cognitive vulnerability predicts later depression
• What is a limitation of Cohen et al's study?

  Confounding variables may affect results
• What should be challenged during therapy for individuals with "must" thinking?

  Such "musts" need to be challenged.
• What is a strength of Ellis’s ABC model?

  It has supportive evidence for the theory.
• What did Joseph Cohen et al (2019) study about cognitive vulnerability?

  It tracked adolescents' cognitive vulnerability.
• What relationship did Cohen et al (2019) find in their study?

  Cognitive vulnerability relates to later depression.
• What is a limitation of studies on cognitive vulnerability and depression?

  Confounding variables may affect results.
• What therapy has been developed from Ellis’s ABC model?

  Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).
• How does REBT help reduce depression?

  By challenging negative beliefs.
• What is a weakness of Ellis’s theory regarding emotions?

  It cannot explain extreme emotions like anger.
• What type of depression does Ellis’s model explain?

  Reactive depression.
• What is a limitation of Ellis's ABC model regarding depression types?

  It cannot explain endogenous depression.
• What is the main goal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

  To change faulty thinking patterns.
• What is Beck's negative triad in depression?

  Pessimistic view of self, world, future.