ASCI 220

• Nutrition: Series of processes by which an animal acquires, processes, digests, absorbs, metabolizes and excretes portions of its external chemical environment for the function of its internal environment.
• Comparative Nutrition: cross species study of adaptations and utilization of different nutrient sources
• Nutritional Wisdom: The unfounded concept that animals have the instinctive ability to select from a new variety of foods to satisfy their nutritional requirements
• Primate, was released on an island, died from a toxic plant that they ate in large quantity
• Primate, fed leaves to see if they would consume them, they did, and died
• Primate, eats sap of trees, consumed a toxic sap and died
• The tongue is used for prehension, grabbing food, positioning the food, and mixing.
• Avian headgut does not have a tongue and has short, posterior facing papillae.
• Avian headgut produces mucinous saliva, which produces 7 - 30mL/day.
• Feeding only powdery grains limits how much saliva will be produced leading to higher volumes of acid in the stomach; no saliva, no buffer, no lowered pH.
• The composition of saliva varies by species and includes water, mucin (glycoprotein), bicarbonate salts, enzymes (amylase, lipase).
• Roughages stimulate 150L of saliva and powdered grains stimulate 40L of saliva in ruminant headgut.
• Different feeds stimulate different liters of saliva in ruminant headgut.
• Lipase is an enzyme that aids in lipid breakdown.
• Avian headgut has low taste and can only taste sweet, sour, and bitter.
• A dental calculation for a cow is ( I 0/4 * C 0/0 * P 3/3 * M 3/3) * 2.
• Avian headgut has 62 taste receptors (quail) and 900 taste receptors (Humans).
• Amylase and lipase are present in low, insignificant amounts in avian headgut saliva.
• The average productions of saliva in sheep are 17L/100kg BM and in horses are 12L/100kg BM.
• Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose.
• Molars are an example of a dental calculation for a pig: (I 3/3 * C 1/1 * P 4/4 * M 1/1) * 2.
• Ruminant headgut does not have upper incisors and uses its tongue for prehension, grabbing food, and positioning the food.
• Enzymes do not play a significant role in avian digestion.
• Ruminant headgut has continuous production of saliva.
• The function of saliva is a lubricant, taste, membrane protection, buffering capacity, enzymatic capacity, nutrients for foregut microorganisms, and prevents foregut frothing.
• Cholecystokinin CCK is from the duodenum wall cells, releases in response to lipids and proteins, and affects stomach acids by lowering pH.
• Secretin stimulates bicarbonate ions which buffer chyme.
• Chief Cells produce Pepsin.
• Chyme produces pancreatic juice for buffering, produces enzymes, and affects acids by lowering pH.
• Ileum is a plug flow reactor, tubular digestion, goes through in a straight line all the way through.
• Rabbits are an example of a caetocophy, their cecum retracts, comes out as a soft, nutrient-rich feces.
• Parietal cells produce HCl.
• Gastrin is released from pyloric cells, occurs when there is a high mass of food in the stomach.
• Secretin is from the duodenum cell walls, release is triggered by chyme and acids.
• These secretions push through the entire length of the small intestine.
• Microbes need time to break down food materials so the large spaces in the hindgut and foregut help slow them down.
• Villi are ribbon shaped so they can have a greater surface area for the organisms in the system.
• Succus entericus (intestinal juice) is secreted by tubular glands between the vili, contains enzymes active next to the epithelial membrane absorption site.
• Gastric Inhibitory Protein is from the duodenum wall cells, released in response to lipid and protein duodenum cells, lowers stomach acid pH and produces enzymes, and increases stomach motility.
• Pancreatic Juice is stimulated by CCK and secretin, is clear, watery, and enters the duodenum via pancreatic duct.