1.1 SURVEYING Q1P

• Surveying is the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, areas on or near the surface of the earth through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques.
• The two classification of surveying are the plane surveying and geodetic surveying
• Plane surveying are surveys in which the earth is considered to be a flat surface, and where distances and areas involved are of limited extent that the exact shape of earth is
• Geodetic surveying are surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.
• The 10 types of surveys are the cadastral surveys, city surveys, construction surveys, forestry surveys, hydrographic surveys, industrial surveys, mine surveys, photogrammetric surveys, route surveys, topographic surveys.
• Cadastral surveys are usually closed surveys which are undertaken urban and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners, and areas.
• City surveys are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments.
• Construction surveys are surveys which are undertaken at construction site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines, etc
• Forestry surveys are executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands.
• Hydrographic surveys refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs and, other bodies of water
• Industrial surveys also referred to as optical tooling which is a method of making extremely accurate measurements for manufacturing processes
• Mine surveys are surveys which are performed above and below ground to guide tunneling and other operations associated with mining
• Photogrammetric surveys are a type of survey which makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras
• Routes surveys involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, and other linear projects
• Topographic surveys are those surveys made for determining the shape of the ground and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features
• Measurement is the process of determining the extent, size or dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a given standard
• The 2 types of surveying measurements are the direct and indirect measurement
• Direct measurement is a comparison of the measured quantity with a standard measuring unit
• Indirect measurement is done when it is not possible to apply a measuring instrument directly to a quantity. In this type, the observed value is determined by its relationship to some other known values
• Units of measurements are the linear, area, and volume measurements, and angular measurements
• Linear - kilometer, meter, centimeter, millimeter
• Area - square meter
• Volume - cubic, meter, liter, milliliter
• SI unit - radian, 2π
• Sexagesimal unit - degree, minute, second, 360°
• Centesimal unit - gradian, 400 grads
• Other system - mills, 6400 mils
• Non-zero digits are always significant
• Any zero contained between two non-zero numbers is significant
• Leading zeros are never significant
• Final or trailing zeros are significant only after a decimal point
• Surveying field notes constitute the only reliable and permanent record of actual work done in the field
• The 5 types of notes are sketches, tabulations, explanatory notes, computations, and combination of the above
• Error is defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of quantity. Often beyond the control of the one performing the operation
• Mistakes are inaccuracies in measurements which occur because some aspect of surveying operation is performed by the surveyor with carelessness. Mistakes are not classified as errors because they usually are so large in magnitude compared to errors
• The 3 sources of errors are the instrumental errors, natural errors, and personal errors
• Instrumental errors are due to imperfections in the instruments used
• Natural errors are caused by changes in nature such as magnetic declination, temperature, humidity and etc.
• Personal errors are from limitations of the senses of sight, touch, and hearing of the human observer
• Accuracy indicates how close a given measurement is to absolute or true value of the quantity measured. Closeness between related measurements