Obedience : Milgram

• What are situational variables in Milgram's research?

  Factors influencing obedience related to circumstances
• What does proximity refer to in Milgram's study?

  Physical closeness of authority to the participant
• What is the definition of obedience?

  Response to a direct order from authority
• How does location affect obedience according to Milgram?

  Status or prestige of the location influences obedience
• What role does uniform play in obedience?

  Indicates authority and entitlement to obedience
• What was the aim of Milgram's 1963 study?

  To see if Americans would obey unjust orders
• How many male volunteers participated in Milgram's study?

  40 male volunteers
• What was the payment given to participants in Milgram's study?

  $4.50
• What role did the confederate play in Milgram's experiment?

  Played the learner receiving shocks
• What happened when the teacher hesitated in administering shocks?

  The researcher encouraged them to continue
• What was the maximum voltage participants believed they administered?

  450 volts
• What percentage of participants went to the end of the shock generator?

  65%
• What did most participants feel about the procedure?

  It was very stressful and wanted to stop
• How many participants had a seizure during the study?

  3 participants
• What did 84% of participants express after the study?

  They were glad to have taken part
• What conclusion can be drawn from Milgram's study?

  Most people obey orders against their conscience
• How do situational factors explain atrocities like those in World War 2?

  They influence obedience over personal morality
• What is a criticism of Milgram's study regarding ecological validity?

  It lacks generalizability to real-life situations
• What did Hofling et al. find in their research on obedience?

  95% of nurses obeyed an unjust order
• What ethical issues arose in Milgram's research?

  Deception, consent, and psychological harm
• Why was deception used in Milgram's study?

  To ensure the experiment's meaningfulness
• What was unclear about the right to withdraw in Milgram's study?

  Participants felt pressured to continue despite wanting to stop
• What did Baumrind criticize about Milgram's research?

  Participants suffered considerable distress
• What percentage of participants felt they learned something valuable?

  74%
• How did Milgram control variables in his study?

  By systematically altering one variable at a time
• What did Bickman's study reveal about uniforms and obedience?

  Uniforms significantly increased obedience rates
• What is the "Obedience Alibi" criticism of Milgram's research?

  It offers excuses for evil behavior in situations
• What did Miranda et al. find in their cross-cultural research?

  High obedience rates among Spanish students
• What are the situational variables affecting obedience identified by Milgram?

  • Proximity
  • Location
  • Uniform
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Milgram's study?

  Strengths:

  • High control over variables
  • Supporting research from Hofling et al.
  • Cross-cultural replications

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Low ecological validity
  • Ethical issues (deception, consent, harm)
  • "Obedience Alibi" criticism