NUTR4090 Exam 1

• Food?

  maintain life and growth
• Functional food?

  physiological benefit and/or reduces risk of chronic disease beyond nutritional function
• Nutraceutical?

  Product isolated or purified from food, physiological benefit or protects against chronic disease
• Bioactive substance?

  favourable effect on health, nutrient and non-nutrient food
• Natural health product?

  substances, homeopathic medicine or traditional medicine that provides effect in diagnosing/treating chronic disease disorder or abnormal state, restore function
• What are regulatory affairs?

  oversight of regulated products, ensure product safety, efficacy and quality
• In Canada, food products must comply with?

  Consumer packaging and labeling act, food and drugs act, food and drugs regulations
• What is a food health claim?

  representation in labeling and advertisment that states a relationship exists between a product and health
• What does the FDA have authority to regulate?

  ingredient list, nutrition labeling, claims
• When submitting an application to NNHPD, you need?

  • cover letter
  • product license application form
  • label text
  • monograph attestation form
  • finished product
  • evidence to support safety
• How do you source a nutraceutical?

  1. source the material
  2. make the product
  3. test it: safety, shelf life, does it work
  4. regulatory
• What is involved in distillation?

  • separation of components or fractions by boiling or condensation, steam recovers volatiles
• What is involved in solvent extraction?

  uses a solvent to extract non-water compounds
• What is supercritical fluid extraction?

  uses temperature and pressure to extract materials, expensive but very effective, environmentally friendly
• What is involved in adsorption and desorption?

  use resin to absorb, use rinsing to desorb
• What is the SSA?

  1. significant scientific agreement
  2. to be approved by the FDA, must be SSA among experts
  3. 2 principles: totality of evidence is the review of literature with evidence, convincing level of evidence is the strength of the evidence
• What is under each SSA principle?

  Totality: systemic approach, transparency, comprehensiveness, human evidence

  Convincing: high level of certainty, demonstration of causality, biological evidence, fesability
• Type of studies to research FFN?

  animal models, human studies, cell cultures, meta-analysis
• Cell culture pros and cons?

  pros: consistency, replication, cost

  cons: cell lines hard to maintain, lack complexity
• What is important to know about cell lines?

  passage numbers, cell origin, culture conditions
• Why are animals good models?

  short lifespan, physiology similar to humans, susceptible to the same diseases
• Animal model pros and cons?

  pros: lifespan studies, whole organism effects, controlled, measure more invasive things, highlight mechanisms

  cons: doesnt always translate to humans, dose can be different in humans, dietary intervention might not be realistic
• What method, ab lib or pair feeding, is best to study FFN?


  depends on the study objective/question
• Why is gavage considered a superior method?

  you are able to control/know the exact amount an animal receives of the thing you are testing
• define and provide an example of disease risk reduction health claim?

  links food in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, the person doesnt have the disease, vitamin d and calcium will reduce the risk of osteoporosis
• Define and provide an example of therapeutic health claim?

  treating a disease with food to alleviate the issue, person has the disease, barley products lower blood cholesterol
• For a food to be physiologically functional, what needs to be known by the manufacturer and consumer?

  • amount of functional ingredient
  • amount of functional ingredient to provide a benefit
  • minimum and maximum amount of the ingredient that can be consumer per day
  • side effects
  • cooking methods
• What is meant by bioaccessibility and bioavailability?

  Bioaccessibility: the fraction of digested nutrient available for absorption

  Bioavailability: the fraction of digested nutrient available for utilization
• What is the role of NHPs?

  • safety, efficacy, quality
• What are 3 health products on the Canadian marketplace?

  food, fortified/supplemented food, NHPs
• What are 3 differences between the regulations of NHPs in Canada and the USA?

  • Name: In Canada its NHP, In USA its DS
  • In Canada, you need pre-market approval. In the USA, no pre-market approval but FDA can ask for evidence of health claims
  • In Canada, NHP regulated as drugs. In USA, NHP regulated as food