Ribose structure

• What are monosaccharides?

  They are the simplest sugars.
• How many carbon atoms are present in the ribose sugar molecule?

  5
• What are the roles of monosaccharides in biology?

  • Key roles in energy production
  • Essential for biological structures
• Why can't monosaccharides be broken down by hydrolysis?

  They are the simplest form of sugars.
• How do monosaccharides compare to disaccharides and polysaccharides?

  • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose)
  • Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides joined (e.g., sucrose)
  • Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides joined (e.g., starch)
• How many carbon atoms are present in the ribose sugar molecule?

  5
• How many hydroxyl (OH) groups are present in the ribose sugar molecule?

  4
• Why is ribose important in biology?

  It is a key component of RNA
• What are the components of a nucleotide molecule?

  • Pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
  • Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil)
  • Phosphate group
• What is the linear chain formula for ribose?

  CH₂OH - CHOH - CHOH - CHOH - CHOH
• Where is the carbonyl group located in ribose?

  At carbon 1
• In what form does the carbonyl group exist in ribose's open-chain structure?

  Aldehyde form
• What are the components of a nucleoside molecule?

  • Pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
  • Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil)
• If the pKa of a molecule is 2, what is the pH range where the molecule will be predominantly in its protonated form?

  pH < 2
• What happens to the carbonyl group during ring formation of ribose?

  It reacts with the hydroxyl group at carbon 5
• What are the structural features of the ribose sugar molecule?

  • 5 carbon atoms
  • 4 hydroxyl (OH) groups
  • Cyclic structure
  • Aldehyde group at one end
• What are the two types of pentose sugars found in nucleosides and nucleotides?

  • Ribose
  • Deoxyribose
• How does the chair conformation of cyclohexanol differ from the original cyclohexanol structure?

  The chair conformation shows the 3D arrangement of the atoms in the ring
• What does the axial position of hydroxyl groups indicate?

  It points upward or downward
• What is the name of the molecule shown on the right?

  β-D-ribose
• What does the equatorial position of hydroxyl groups indicate?

  It points outward from the ring
• What are the structural differences between the three ribose molecules shown?

  • α-D-ribose: Anomeric carbon has OH group in alpha configuration
  • D-ribose: Anomeric carbon is unspecified
  • β-D-ribose: Anomeric carbon has OH group in beta configuration
• What is the significance of the hydroxyl group on carbon 2 in ribose?

  It makes ribose more reactive than deoxyribose
• What are the key features that differentiate ribose from deoxyribose?

  • Ribose has three hydroxyl groups (-OH)
  • Deoxyribose has two hydroxyl groups (-OH)
  • Ribose contains -OH on carbon 2, while deoxyribose contains H
  • Ribose is found in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA
• How many hydroxyl groups does ribose have?

  Three hydroxyl groups
• What is the name of the molecule shown on the left?

  α-D-ribose
• What is the name of the molecule shown in the image?

  Ribose Sugar Molecule
• What is the name of the molecule shown in the image?

  Ribose Sugar Molecule
• What type of sugar is ribose?

  Pentose monosaccharide
• What is the molecular formula of ribose?

  $C_{5}H_{10}O_{5}$
• How many hydroxyl (OH) groups are present in the ribose sugar molecule?

  4
• How many carbons are in the ribose carbon backbone?

  5 carbons
• How does ribose form a cyclic structure?

  An oxygen atom joins carbon 1 and carbon 4
• What are the structural features of the ribose sugar molecule?

  • 5 carbon atoms
  • 4 hydroxyl (OH) groups
  • Cyclic structure
  • Aldehyde group at one end
• What type of ring structure does ribose form?

  Pentose ring structure
• What is the difference between the two molecular structures shown?

  • The structure on the left is cyclohexanol, which has a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to the cyclohexane ring.
  • The structure on the right is the chair conformation of cyclohexanol, which shows the 3D arrangement of the atoms in the ring.
• What type of functional group is found on ribose?

  Aldehyde
• What is the purpose of the base in a nucleoside molecule?

  To provide the genetic information
• What is the process of ribose ring formation?

  • Carbonyl group at carbon 1
  • Reacts with hydroxyl group at carbon 5
  • Creates cyclic structure
• How does ribose differ from deoxyribose?

  Ribose has an additional hydroxyl group