Atp and Adp cycle

• The ATP-ADP cycle is the process by which cells convert ADP to ATP.
• Energy is defined simply as the capacity to do work and the capacity to create or cause change.
• The two major forms of energy are the potential and kinetic energy
• Energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules is called kinetic energy
• Energy associated with static position of the object is called potential energy
• Thermodynamics is the study of energy relationship, transformation, and exchanges.
• Law of conservation of energy states that energy can be transformed or converted from one form to another, but is cannot be created nor destroyed
• Second law of thermodynamics says that when energy is converted from one form to another, the amount of useful energy decreases
• Entropy is referred to as the disorder or randomness in the system.
• The usable energy that is unavailable to do work after a chemical reaction has occurred is called free energy
• Metabolism is the sum of all chemical activities occuring inside the cell
• Two types of metabolic process: anabolism and catabolism
• Anabolism pertains to the metabolic pathways that involve simple molecules being synthesized to form complex ones.
• Catabolism the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones.
• Exergonic reaction the reactants releases more of their potential energy to the surroundings
• Endergonic reaction the reactants process to form a product rich in potential energy
• The use of energy obtained from an exergonic reaction to drive endergonic reaction is called energy coupling
• Coupled reaction is a reaction where the products have higher energy than the reactions
• Adenosine triphosphate is the main energy currency in the cell
• Hydrolysis the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water
• Autotrophs being able to make their own food from inorganic compounds.
• Heterotroph an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances
• Chemo trophic a class of organisms that obtain their energy through the oxidation of inorganic molecules
• Phototropic an organism that can use visible light as a primary energy source for metabolism
• Glucose is used to store and transport energy
• Chloroplast are composed of thylakoid membrane arranged in stacks of grana
• Chlorophyll a pigment that reflects green light, which results in the green color of plants
• Chlorophyll A: the main photosynthetic pigment which converts light energy into chemical energy
• Chlorophyll B: pigment which is more inclined to absorbing light energy toward the green wavelength
• Caratenoid: absorbs the green and blue wavelengths of light, resulting in the red, yellow and orange coloration of leaves
• Cellular respiration is the process of energy transformation wherein biological molecules is converted into chemical energy to power different processes of life
• Aerobes: are organisms which cannot survive in oxygen free environments
• Obligate anaerobes: are organisms completely unable to survive in an environment with oxygen
• Facultative anaerobes: organisms that can thrive in either kind of environment
• Aerobic respiration: occurs only in the presence of oxygen
• Anaerobic respiration: occurs only in the lack of oxygen
• Glycolysis: means the breaking down of sugar