biology 9th

• the nucleus is the control center of the cell
• MRS GREN is Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition.
• Robert H. Whittaker: created the 5 kingdom classification system.
• taxonomy system: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
• cell theory: all living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, cells are the building blocks of all living things
• prokaryotic cell: unicellular, no membrane-bound nucleus, circular dna, divide by binary fission, pili and flagella
• eukaryotic cell: unicellular and/or multi-cellular, have a nucleus, linear dna, divide by mitosis, flagella or cilia
• example of prokaryotic: bacteria cell
• example of eukaryotic: animal cell and plant cells
• magnification: measured/actual
• actual: measured/magnification
• measured: actual x magnification
• karyokinesis: the process of chromosomes moving to opposite poles of the cell
• cytokinesis: the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells
• cell membrane: selectively permeable boundry, phospholipid bilayer with proteins that act as channels, markers and receptors.
• nucleus: contains nucleolus, storage center of cells DNA, manages cells functions
• cytoplasm:

  -gelatin-like fluid that lies inside the cell membrane

  -surrounds the organelles and makes sure they don't bump or collide into each other

  -site of metabolic reactions
• golgi apparatus: a series of membrane-bound flattened sacs that receives proteins from the ER and modifies and packages proteins (not connected to the nucleus)
• mitochondria: site of aerobic respiration, where most of the energy for cellular respiration is produced. turns food energy to work energy
• cilia and flagella: hair-like structures that move substances in and out of the cell
• vacuoles: contain cell sap and are found in plant cells. temporary storage of waste, nutrients and water.
• centrosomes: organelles that are involved in the formation of spindle fibers. starts cell division.
• ribosomes: site of protein synthesis in the cell, made up of rRNA and proteins.
• free ribosomes: ribosomes that are not attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
• bound ribosomes: attached to the outside of the ER,
• endoplasmic reticulum: intercellular highway for the transport of materials. made up of tubules and sacs.
• smooth ER: synthesizes lipids and steroids, and stores vitamins
• rough ER: makes large amounts of proteins, covered with ribosomes.
• chloroplast: contains chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. photosynthesis conversion of light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose.
• red blood cells: carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells, have a biconcave shape to maximise surface area.
• white blood cells: found in blood, fight infection, attracted to diseases and bacteria that enter the body.
• nerve cells: long, thin, and branched, and have a cell body and dendrites. carry impulses around the body.
• sperm cell: specialised for reproduction, has a long tail and a head
• root hair cell: large surface area, large number of mitochondria, large vacuole. absorbs water and minerals from soil.
• palisade cell: contains lots of chloroplasts and has a high concentration of chlorophyll. carry out photosynthesis and make plant food.
• ciliated cell: a cell with cilia that move mucus up the oesophagus. stop lung disease, and prevent food from getting stuck in the lungs.
• egg cell: contains the nucleus and cytoplasm of the embryo. carries mother's DNA.
• stem cells: undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce more cells of the same type.
• types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells
• mitosis: the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells. contains pmat once.