Biology

• What is gas exchange?

  It is the process of swapping gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between organisms and their environment.
• Where does gas exchange primarily occur in humans?

  In the alveoli of the lungs.
• How does oxygen enter the bloodstream during gas exchange in humans?

  Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream through the alveolar walls.
• What drives the gas exchange process in humans?

  The concentration gradient of gases between the alveoli and the blood.
• What are the adaptations of alveoli for gas exchange?

  Large surface area, thin walls, good blood supply, and moist lining.
• Where does gas exchange occur in plants?

  In the leaves, particularly through structures called stomata.
• What happens during gas exchange in plants during the day?

  Plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen as a byproduct.
• What occurs in plants at night regarding gas exchange?

  Plants continue respiring, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
• What are the adaptations of leaves for gas exchange?

  Large surface area, thin structure, and regulation of stomata.
• What is photosynthesis?

  It is the process plants use to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
• Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

  In the chloroplasts.
• What is the equation for photosynthesis?

  $6CO_2 +$$6H_2O +$$\text{light energy} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2$
• What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

  Reactants: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O); Products: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂).
• What occurs in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?

  Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, splitting water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen ions.
• What happens in the light-independent stage (Calvin Cycle) of photosynthesis?

  Carbon dioxide and hydrogen are combined to form glucose.
• What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature.
• What is respiration?

  It is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy for cellular activities.
• Where does respiration occur in cells?

  In the mitochondria.
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 +$$6H_2O +$$\text{energy (ATP)}$
• What is the efficiency of aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration?

  Aerobic respiration produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
• What is anaerobic respiration in humans?

  It is the process where glucose is broken down into lactic acid and a small amount of energy.
• What is anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

  It is the process where glucose is broken down into ethanol, carbon dioxide, and a small amount of energy.
• What is the efficiency of anaerobic respiration compared to aerobic respiration?

  Anaerobic respiration produces much less ATP compared to aerobic respiration.
• What are transport systems in organisms?

  They are essential for moving substances like nutrients, gases, and waste products around the body or within the plant.
• What are the components of the circulatory system in humans?

  Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.
• What is the function of the circulatory system?

  It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products around the body.
• What are the two circuits in the double circulatory system?

  Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit.
• What does the pulmonary circuit do?

  It carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
• What does the systemic circuit do?

  It carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
• What does xylem transport in plants?

  Water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves.
• How does transpiration work in plants?

  Water evaporates from the leaves, creating a suction force that pulls water up from the roots.
• What does phloem transport in plants?

  Nutrients like glucose from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
• What is transpiration?

  It is the process where water evaporates from the surface of leaves, mainly through stomata.
• What factors affect transpiration?

  Light intensity, temperature, humidity, and wind.
• What is the definition of an ecosystem?

  An ecosystem is a community of organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment.
• What are the components of an ecosystem?

  Habitat, population, community, and environment.
• What are abiotic factors in an ecosystem?

  Non-living factors like light intensity, temperature, water availability, soil composition, and pH levels.
• What are biotic factors in an ecosystem?

  Living factors like competition, predation, and symbiosis.
• What is competition in an ecosystem?

  Organisms compete for resources like food, water, and mates.
• What is symbiosis?

  It includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, which describe interactions between different species.